Ingredient #33 + Research

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INCLUDING NEW RESEARCH INTO CORONAVIRUS SARS-COV-2

Scientific Evidence: Ingredient #33 - GLYCYRRHIZIN

SARS-CoV-2 / COVID-19 Research results

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Potential Interventions for Novel Coronavirus in China: A Systematic Review - Lei Zhang & Yunhui Liu - Journal of Medical Virology (13 Feb. 2020):

“Glycyrrhizin is an active component of liquorice roots in Chinese medicine. Cinatl et al. had reported that glycyrrhizin could inhibit the replication of SARS‐associated virus in vitro and it had already been suggested as an alternative option for treatment of SARS at that time.”

A Novel Combination of Vitamin C, Curcumin and Glycyrrhizic Acid Potentially Regulates Immune and Inflammatory Response Associated with Coronavirus Infections: A Perspective from System Biology Analysis - Liang Chen, Chun Hu, Molly Hood, Xue Zhang, Lu Zhang, Juntao Kan & Jun Du - nutrients (24 Apr. 2020):

"Therefore, our findings suggest that VCG Plus may be helpful in regulating immune response to combat CoV infections and inhibit excessive inflammatory responses to prevent the onset of cytokine storm. However, further in vitro and in vivo experiments are warranted to validate the current findings with system biology tools.”

Pharmacological Perspective: Glycyrrhizin may be an Efficacious Therapeutic Agent for COVID-19 - Pan Luo, Dong Liu & Juan Li - International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents (24 Apr. 2020):

"Glycyrrhizin has cytokine-modulating activity, it is not an immunosuppressant like glucocorticoids, and may even enhance the immune response. Therefore, glycyrrhizin is expected to be used in the early stages of disease and can be administrated for a longer time, with fewer side effects; this approach holds promise for preventing or attenuating excessive cytokine storms in patients with COVID-19. [...] Glycyrrhizin is valued for its various pharmacological effects and may emerge as a promising agent for the treatment of COVID-19.”

Symptomatic Protective Action of Glycyrrhizin (Licorice) in COVID-19 Infection? - Harald Murck - Frontiers in Immunology (28 May 2020):

“The role of the ACE2 enzyme in the COVID-19 infection is 2-fold, with opposing implications for the disease development. 1. The membrane bound angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) serves as the entry point of COVID-19 2. Conversely, it supports an anti-inflammatory pathway. This led to the controversy of the impact of medications, which influence its expression. ACE2 is part of the wider renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and is upregulated via compounds, which inhibits the classical ACE, thereby plasma aldosterone and aldosterone receptor (MR) activation. MR activation may therefore protect organs from binding the COVID-19 by reducing ACE2 expression. [...] Glycyrrhizin may reduce the severity of an infection with COVID-19 at the two stages of the COVID-19 induced disease process, 1. To block the number of entry points and 2. provide an ACE2 independent anti-inflammatory mechanism.”

Glycyrrhizin, an Active Component of Liquorice Roots, and Replication of SARS-associated Coronavirus - J. Cinatl, B. Morgenstern, G. Bauer, P. Chandra, H. Rabenau & H.W. Doerr - The Lancet (14 Jun. 2020).

Glycyrrhizin: An Alternative Drug for the Treatment of COVID-19 Infection and the associated Respiratory Syndrome? - Christian Bailly & Gérard Vergoten - Pharmacology and Therapeutics (24 Jun. 2020):

“The membrane and cytoplasmic effects of GLR [glycyrrhizic acid], coupled with its long-established medical use as a relatively safe drug, make GLR a good candidate to be tested against the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, alone and in combination with other drugs. The rational supporting combinations with (hydroxy)chloroquine and tenofovir (two drugs active against SARS-CoV-2) is also discussed. Based on this analysis, we conclude that GLR should be further considered and rapidly evaluated for the treatment of patients with COVID-19.”

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Earlier Scientific Evidence re: Glycyrrhizin

Anti-Viral / Immune Supportive Research

Liquorice may tackle SARS - H. Pilcher - Nature (2003).

Antiviral Activity of Glycyrrhizic Acid Derivatives against SARS−Coronavirus - Gerold Hoever, Lidia Baltina, Martin Michaelis, Rimma Kondratenko, Lia Baltina, Genrich A. Tolstikov, Hans W. Doerr & Jindrich Cinatl Jr. - Journal of Medicinal Chemistry (19 Jan. 2005).

Antiviral Effects of Glycyrrhiza Species: Review - Cristina Fiore, Michael Eisenhut, Rea Krausse, Eugenio Ragazzi, Donatella Pellati, Decio Armanini & Jens Bielenberg - Phytotherapy Research (Feb. 2008).

Review of Pharmacological Effects of Glycyrrhiza sp. and its Bioactive Compounds - Marjan Nassiri Asl & Hossein Hosseinzadeh - Phytotherapy Research (Jun. 2008).

Water Extract of Licorice had Anti-Viral Activity against Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Human Respiratory Tract Cell Lines - Chia Feng Yeh, Kuo Chih Wang, Lien Chai Chiang, Den En Shieh, Ming Hong Yen & Jung San Chang - Journal of Ethnopharmacology (9 Jul. 2013).

Anti-Virus Research of Triterpenoids in Licorice [Article in Chinese] - Jie-Ying Pu, Li He, Si-Yu Wu, Ping Zhang & Xi Huang - Bing Du Xue Bao (Nov. 2013).

The Antiviral and Antimicrobial Activities of Licorice, a widely-used Chinese Herb - Liqiang Wang, Rui Yang, Boch-uan Yuan, Ying Liu & Chunsheng Liu - Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B (17 Jun. 2015):

“Licorice contains more than 20 triterpenoids and nearly 300 flavonoids. Among them, only two triterpenes, GL [Glycyrrhizin] and GA have been reported to have antiviral effects.”

Commentary: The Antiviral and Antimicrobial Activities of Licorice, a widely-used Chinese Herb - Salvatore Chirumbolo - Frontiers of Microbiology (18 Apr. 2016).

Antiviral and Antitumor Activity of Licorice Root Extracts - Kunihiko Fukuchi, Noriyuki Okudaira, Kazunori Adachi, Reina Odai-Ide, Shigeru Watanabe, Hirokazu Ohno, Masaji Yamamoto, Taisei Kanamoto, Shigemi Terakubo, Hideki Nakashima, Yoshihiro Uesawa, Hajime Kagaya & Hiroshi Sakagami - In Vivo (Nov-Dec. 2016).

The Immunomodulatory Activities of Licorice Polysaccharides (Glycyrrhiza Uralensis Fisch.) in CT 26 Tumor-bearing Mice - Peter Amwoga Ayeka, Yu Hong Bian, Peter Mwitari Githaiga & Ying Zhao - BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies (15 Dec. 2017).

Use of Licorice (Glycyrrhiza Glabra) Herb as a Feed Additive in Poultry: Current Knowledge and Prospects - Mahmoud Alagawany, Shaaban S. Elnesr, Mayada R. Farag, Mohamed E. Abd El-Hack, Asmaa F. Khafaga, Ayman E. Taha, Ruchi Tiwari, Mohd. Iqbal Yatoo, Prakash Bhatt, Gopi Marappan & Kuldeep Dhama - Animals [Basel] (7 Aug. 2019).

Licorice Root: Potent Antiviral, Antimicrobial and Antifungal - Dr. Scott Tyler - BotanicalMedicine.org (25 Nov. 2019).

Bibliographic Research Information provided courtesy of The Academy of the Third Millennium (A3M) 2020