Ingredient #31 + Research

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INCLUDING NEW RESEARCH INTO CORONAVIRUS SARS-COV-2

Scientific Evidence: Ingredient #31 - PEPPERMINT

SARS-CoV-2 / COVID-19 Research results

FOR SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE UPDATED TO JANUARY 2022, OBTAIN THE FOURTH EDITION OF 'AVD' (2022)

Effective Antiviral Activity of Essential Oils and their Characteristics Terpenes against Coronaviruses: An Update - Mohamed Nadjib Boukhatem - ResearchGate (Mar. 2020):

“The essential oils (EOs) and their chemical constituents are known to be active against a wide range of viruses. Oxygenated monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes present in EOs contribute to their antiviral effect. Since the new strain of coronavirus, now named SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus), is still not completely understood, it is not yet possible to find which EOs will offer the best level of protection.”

Essential Oils as Antiviral Agents, Potential of Essential Oils to Treat SARS-CoV-2 Infection: An In-Silico Investigation - Joyce Kelly, R. da Silva, Pablo Luis Baia Figueiredo, Kendall G. Byler & William N. Setzer - International Journal of Molecular Sciences (12 May 2020):

"Essential oils have shown promise as antiviral agents against several pathogenic viruses. In this work we hypothesized that essential oil components may interact with key protein targets of the 2019 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). [...] [E]ssential oil components may act synergistically, essential oils may potentiate other antiviral agents, or they may provide some relief of COVID-19 symptoms. "

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Earlier Scientific Evidence re: Peppermint

Anti-Viral / Immune Supportive Research

Antiviral Substances in Plants of the Mint Family (Labiatae). 3. Peppermint (Mentha Piperita) and other Mint Plants - E.C. Herrmann Jr & L.S. Kucera - Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine (Mar. 1967):

“Extracts of various plants of the mint family (Labiatae) were studied for antiviral activity. Peppermint Mentha piperita extract had antiviral activity against Newcastle disease (NDV), herpes simplex, vaccinia, Semliki Forest, and West Nile viruses in egg and cell-culture systems. It contains a tannin with an affinity for NDV and mumps virus and a nontannin fraction with antiviral effects against herpes simplex virus.”

Virucidal Effect of Peppermint Oil on the Enveloped Viruses Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 and Type 2 In Vitro - Reichling J. Schuhmacher & P. Schnitzler - Phytomedicine (Feb. 2003):

“Peppermint oil exhibited high levels of virucidal activity against HSV-1 and HSV-2 in viral suspension tests. At noncytotoxic concentrations of the oil, plaque formation was significantly reduced by 82% and 92% for HSV-1 and HSV-2, respectively. Higher concentrations of peppermint oil reduced viral titers of both herpesviruses by more than 90%. A clearly time-dependent activity could be demonstrated, after 3 h of incubation of herpes simplex virus with peppermint oil an anti- viral activity of about 99% could be demonstrated.”

A Review of the Bioactivity and Potential Health Benefits of Peppermint Tea (Mentha Piperita L.) - D.L. McKay & J.B. Blumberg - Phytotherapy Research (Aug. 2006):

“In vitro, peppermint has significant antimicrobial and antiviral activities, strong antioxidant and antitumor actions, and some antiallergenic potential. Animal model studies demonstrate a relaxation effect on gastrointestinal (GI) tissue, analgesic and anesthetic effects in the central and peripheral nervous system, immunomodulating actions and chemopreventive potential. Human studies on the GI, respiratory tract and analgesic effects of peppermint oil and its constituents have been reported.”

Aqueous extracts from Peppermint, Sage and Lemon Balm Leaves display Potent anti-HIV-1 Activity by increasing the Virion Density - Silvia Geuenich, Christine Goffinet, Stephanie Venzke, Silke Nolkemper, Ingo Baumann, Peter Plinkert, Jürgen Reichling & Oliver T. Keppler - Retrovirology (20 Mar. 2008):

“Aqueous extracts from Lamiaceae can drastically and rapidly reduce the infectivity of HIV-1 virions at non-cytotoxic concentrations. An extract-induced enhancement of the virion's density prior to its surface engagement appears to be the most likely mode of action. By harbouring also a strong activity against herpes simplex virus type 2, these extracts may provide a basis for the development of novel virucidal topical microbicides.”

The Effect of Peppermint Essential Oil and Fructo-Oligosaccharides, as Alternatives to Virginiamycin, on Growth Performance, Digestibility, Gut Morphology and Immune Response of Male Broilers - N. Khodambashi Emami, A. Samie, H.R. Rahmani & C.A. Ruiz-Feria - Animal Feed Science and Technology (20 Jul. 2012).

Physiological and Pharmaceutical Properties of Peppermint as a Multipurpose and Valuable Medicinal Plant - Mohsen Akbari, Pariya Ezati, Maryam Nazari & Nasroallah Moradi-Kor - Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science (April 2015):

“Peppermint essential oil has biological activities, such as antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant properties. In animal studies peppermint essential oil along chromium picolinate improved blood parameters in broiler chicks reared under heat stress condition. Peppermint essential oil stimulated immune system in broiler chicks. Furthermore peppermint not only improved disorder's digestive system, also peppermint had antimicrobial and antioxidant effects. Moreover peppermint was efficient in blood parameters improvement and immune system stimulation in birds.”

Effect of Peppermint (Mentha Piperita) Powder on Immune Response of Broiler Chickens in Heat Stress - S. Arab Ameri, F. Samadi, B. Dastar & S. Zerehdaran - Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Sciences (Jun. 2016):

“Since blood and biochemical parameters give a full index of the physiological status of living organisms, furthermore, relative weight of lymphoid organs give an index of immune system status. So researchers can indirectly study the influence of a food, anti-nutritional or other environmental factors that can affect the body's physiological and immune systems, according to blood factors and relative weight of lymphoid organs. In consideration of the arguments above described, the aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidant properties of peppermint on immune system of broilers under heat stress. [...] Based on the results of this experiment, it can be said that peppermint, due to antioxidant properties, besides adjusting oxidative stress induced by thermal stress, can improve immune system in broilers under heat stress and has a protective effect against oxidative stress, such as heat stress.”

Peppermint and its Functionality: A Review - L. Masomeh, M. Narges, R. Hassan & A. Hadi - Archives of Clinical Microbiology (5 Aug. 2017):

“There is need to find new compounds with not only intracellular but also extracellular antiviral properties. There are several reports showed that various peppermint extracts has significant antiviral activities. It seems, peppermint helps to immune system and protect the body from viruses. Table 5 presents a comprehensive list of antivirus effect of peppermint extracts [which includes: HSV-1/2, HIV-1, Influenza A, Newcastle disease, VACV in egg, Semliki forest & West Nile viruses - re: tests using aqueous/alcoholic extracts and essential oils].”

“Further studies are need to exploration of cellular and molecular mechanisms of peppermint and its compounds on human body. Although peppermint plant has great beneficial and economical role in human society, researches must be considered its minor side effects and toxicity. The future in vivo human studies are needed to determine the molecular mechanism of PO in human health. Currently PO is most frequently traded essential oil in the entire world and in many developed and developing countries it considered as a valuable target for both food and pharmaceutical studies.”

Essential Oils as Antimicrobial Agents—Myth or Real Alternative? - Katarzyna Wińska, Wanda Mączka, Jacek Łyczko, Małgorzata Grabarczyk, Anna Czubaszek & Antoni Szumny - Molecules (5 Jun. 2019).

Bibliographic Research Information provided courtesy of The Academy of the Third Millennium (A3M) 2020