Ingredient #29 + Research

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INCLUDING NEW RESEARCH INTO CORONAVIRUS SARS-COV-2

Scientific Evidence: Ingredient #29 - ROSEMARY

SARS-CoV-2 / COVID-19 Research results

FOR SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE UPDATED TO JANUARY 2022, OBTAIN THE FOURTH EDITION OF 'AVD' (2022)

Preliminary Identification of Hamamelitannin and Rosmarinic Acid as COVID-19 Inhibitors Based on Molecular Docking - Kaushik Sarkar & Rajesh Das - Letters in Drug Design & Discovery (Aug. 2020):

“We will expect that if its anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity is validated in human clinical trials, these two drugs may be developed as an effective antiviral therapeutics towards infected patients in this outbreak and pandemic situation of COVID-19. ”

Anti-COVID Drugs: Repurposing Existing Drugs or Search for New Complex Entities, Strategies and Perspectives - Anna Pawełczyk & Lucjusz Zaprutkol - Future Medicinal Chemistry (23 Jul. 2020):

“All the concepts presented in these and many other available publications show that combining two ideas – repurposing and design of multitarget drugs – represents a valid approach. The practical application of these concepts and presented calculations will offer an opportunity to obtain new chemical entities which are highly likely to be useful in the fight with the COVID-19 pandemic.” [we may take this remark as not being confined to pharmaceuticals but as applying also to phytochemical therapeutics, including dietary ingredients.]

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Earlier Scientific Evidence re: Rosemary

Anti-Viral / Immune Supportive Research

An Evaluation of the Antioxidant and Antiviral Action of Extracts of Rosemary and Provençal Herbs - O.I. Aruoma, J.P. Spencer, R. Rossi, R. Aeschbach, A. Khan, N. Mahmoo, A. Munoz, A. Murcia, J. Butler & B. Halliwell - Food and Chemical Toxicology (May 1996):

“Extracts of herbs and spices are increasingly of interest in the food industry because they retard oxidative degradation of lipids. There is also increasing interest in the antiviral activity of plant products. A liquid, deodorized rosemary extract and an oily extract of a mixture of Provençal herbs were tested for antioxidant and antiviral action in vitro. The rosemary extract (Herbor 025) and the extract of Provençal herbs (Spice Cocktail) inhibited peroxidation of phospholipid liposomes with 50% inhibition concentration values of 0.0009% (v/v) and 0.0035% (v/v), respectively.”

Antiviral Effect of Aqueous Extracts from Species of the Lamiaceae Family against Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 and Type 2 In Vitro - S. Nolkemper, J. Reichling, F.C. Stintzing, R. Carle & P. Schnitzler - Planta Medica (7 Nov. 2006):

“Aqueous extracts from species of the Lamiaceae family were examined for their antiviral activity against Herpes simplex virus (HSV). Extracts from lemon balm (Melissa officinalis), peppermint (Mentha x piperita), prunella (Prunella vulgaris), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), sage (Salvia officinalis) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris) were screened. Their inhibitory activity against Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), type 2 (HSV-2) and an acyclovir-resistant strain of HSV-1 (ACV (res)) was tested in vitro on RC-37 cells in a plaque reduction assay. The 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC (50)) of the extracts for HSV plaque formation were determined in dose-response studies. All test compounds showed a high antiviral activity against HSV-1, HSV-2 and ACV (res).”

Anti-Proliferative and Antioxidant Properties of Rosemary Rosmarinus Officinalis - S. Cheung & J. Tai - Oncology Reports (Jun. 2007).

Supercritical Fluid Extracts of Rosemary Leaves exhibit Potent Anti-Inflammation and Anti-Tumor Effects - C.H. Peng, J.D. Su, C.C. Chyau, T.Y. Sung, S.S. Ho, C.C. Peng & R.Y. Peng - Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry (7 Sep. 2007).

Effect of Rosemary (Rosmarinus Officinalis) Dietary Supplementation in Broiler Chickens. Concerning Immunity, Antioxidant Status and Performance - Safaa A. Ghozlan, Ali H. El-Far, Kadry M. Sadek, Abdelrahman A. Abourawash & Mervat A. Abdel-Latif - Alexandria Journal of Veterinary Sciences (Oct. 2017).

Biological Activities of Rosmarinus Officinalis L. (Rosemary) Extract as analyzed in Micro-organisms and Cells - J.R. de Oliveira, D. de Jesus, L.W. Figueira, F.E. de Oliveira, C. Pacheco Soares, S.E. Camargo, A.O. Jorge & L.D. de Oliveira - Experimental Biology and Medicine (1 Mar. 2017).

Antiviral Activities of Oleanolic Acid and Its Analogues - Vuyolwethu Khwaza, Opeoluwa O. Oyedeji & Blessing A. Aderibigbe - Molecules (9 Sep. 2018) [Oleanolic being one of the numerous bio-active chemicals present in Rosemary]:

“Natural products are one of the most valuable sources for drug discovery. Most natural triterpenoids, such as oleanolic acid (OA), possess notable antiviral activity. Therefore, it is important to validate how plant isolates, such as OA and its analogues, can improve and produce potent drugs for the treatment of viral disease. This article reports a review of the analogues of oleanolic acid and their selected pathogenic antiviral activities, which include HIV, the influenza virus, hepatitis B and C viruses, and herpes viruses.”

Rosmarinus Officinalis L. (Rosemary) as Therapeutic and Prophylactic Agent - Jonatas Rafael de Oliveira, Samira Esteves Afonso Camargo & Luciane Dias de Oliveira - Journal of Biomedical Science (9 Jan. 2019):

“R. officinalis L. is constituted by bioactive molecules, the phyto-compounds, responsible for implement several pharmacological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiproliferative, antitumor and protective, inhibitory and attenuating activities. Thus, in vivo and in vitro studies were presented in this Review, approaching the therapeutic and prophylactic effects of R. officinalis L. on some physiological disorders caused by biochemical, chemical or biological agents.”

Antiviral Activity of Essential Oils Against Hepatitis A Virus in Soft Fruits - R. Battistini, I. Rossini, C. Ercolini, M. Goria, M.R. Callipo, C. Maurella, E. Pavoni & L. Serracca - Food and Environmental Virology (25 Jan. 2019).

Evaluation of the Virucidal Effects of Rosmarinic Acid against Enterovirus 71 Infection via In Vitro and In Vivo Study - Wen-Yu Lin, Yu-Jen Yu & Tzyy-Rong Jinn - Virology Journal (30 Jul. 2019):

“RA showed a strong protective effect against EV71 infection in human rhabdomyosarcoma cells when the multiplicity of infection was 1, with a low IC50 value (4.33 ± 0.18 μM) and high therapeutic index (340). RA not only protected cells from EV71-induced cytopathic effects, but also from EV71-induced apoptosis. The results of time-of-addition analysis demonstrated that the inhibitory activity of RA was highest at the early stage of viral infection. Consistent with this, the infectivity of EV71 in the early stage of viral infection also was observed to be limited in neonatal mice treated with RA. Further, molecular docking predicts that RA could replace the natural pocket factor within the VP1 capsid-binding hydrophobic pocket.”

Investigation of Rosemary Herbal Extracts (Rosmarinus Officinalis) and their Potential Effects on Immunity - Hiwa M. Ahmed & Muhammed Babakir Mina - Phytotherapy Research (22 Feb. 2020).

Bibliographic Research Information provided courtesy of The Academy of the Third Millennium (A3M) 2020