Ingredient #27 + Research

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INCLUDING NEW RESEARCH INTO CORONAVIRUS SARS-COV-2

Scientific Evidence: Ingredient #27 - GINGEROL

SARS-CoV-2 / COVID-19 Research results

FOR SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE UPDATED TO JANUARY 2022, OBTAIN THE FOURTH EDITION OF 'AVD' (2022)

Phytochemical 6-Gingerol - A Promising Drug of Choice for COVID-19 - Thirumalaisamy Rathinavel, Murugan Palanisamy, Palanisamy Srinivasan, Arjunan Subramanian & Selvankumar Thangaswamy - ResearchGate (May 2020):

“Phytocompound 6-gingerol possesses excellent drug likeliness with zero violations and very good pharmacokinetic properties with the highest binding affinity ranging from -2.8764 KJ/mol to -15.7591 KJ/mol with various COVID-19 viral protein targets. Our study reveals that 6-gingerol from ginger could act as a promising drug of choice to treat COVID-19.”

Activity of Phytochemical Constituents of Black Pepper, Ginger, and Garlic against Coronavirus (COVID-19): An In Silico Approach - Kalirajan Rajagopal, Gowramma Byran, Srikanth Jupudi & R. Vadivelan - International Journal of Health and Allied Sciences (4 Jun. 2020):

“The chemical constituents from pepper such as Piperdardiine, Piperanine, and from ginger like 8-Gingerol, 10-Gingerol are significantly active against COVID-19 which are useful for further development.”

Natural Product Compounds in Alpinia Officinarum and Ginger are Potent SARS-CoV-2 Papain-like Protease Inhibitors - Dibakar Goswami, Mukesh Kumar, Sunil K. Ghosh & Amit Das - ChemRxiv (5 Apr. 2020):

“We prepared an in house library of compounds found in rhizomes, Alpinia officinarum, ginger and curcuma, and docked them into the solvent accessible S3-S4 pocket of PLpro. Eight compounds from Alpinia officinarum and ginger bind with high in silico affinity to closed PLpro conformer, and hence are potential SARS-CoV-2 PLpro inhibitors. Our study reveal new lead compounds targeting SARS-CoV-2. Further structure based modifications or extract formulations of these compounds can lead to highly potent inhibitors to treat SARS- CoV-2 infections.”

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Earlier Scientific Evidence re: Gingerol

Anti-Viral / Immune Supportive Research

Susceptibility of Drug-Resistant Clinical Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Strains to Essential Oils of Ginger, Thyme, Hyssop, and Sandalwood - Paul Schnitzler, Christine Koch & Jürgen Reichling - Antimicrobial Agents for Chemotherapy [Antiviral Agents] (12 Mar. 2007).

In Vitro Study of the Antiviral Activity of Zingiber Officinale - A. Abd El-Wahab, H. El-Adawi & M. El-Demellawy - Planta Medica (2009):

“The aquatic plant extract of Z. officinale showed excellent anti-chikungunya activity. A large number of compounds may involve in combating the CHIKV. Plant extracts are comparatively simple, capable, economical and an environment-friendly as compared to the chemically synthesized drugs. Medicinal plants could be an alternative source to develop a wide range of antiviral agents which could very helpful the alternative treatment of viruses. Zingiber officinale not only has a therapeutic potential but also combat drug resistance in antivirals against CHIKV.”

Anti-Viral, Anti-Inflammatory and Related Effects of a Food Supplement made of Garlic, Ginger and Black Pepper - Regi Jose & K.T. Augusti - Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry (Jan. 2010).

Fresh Ginger (Zingiber Officinale) has Anti-Viral Activity against Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Human Respiratory Tract Cell Lines - J.S. Chang, K.C. Wang, C.F. Yeh, D.E. Shieh & L.C. Chiang - Journal of Ethnopharmacology (1 Nov 2012):

“Fresh ginger dose-dependently inhibited HRSV-induced plaque formation in both HEp-2 and A549 cell lines (p<0.0001). In contrast, dried ginger didn't show any dose-dependent inhibition. 300 μg/ml fresh ginger could decrease the plaque counts to 19.7% (A549) and 27.0% (HEp-2) of that of the control group. Fresh ginger was more effective when given before viral inoculation (p<0.0001), particularly on A549 cells. 300 μg/ml fresh ginger could decrease the plaque formation to 12.9% when given before viral inoculation. Fresh ginger dose-dependently inhibited viral attachment (p<0.0001) and internalization (p<0.0001). Fresh ginger of high concentration could stimulate mucosal cells to secrete IFN-β that possibly contributed to counteracting viral infection.”

Anti-Oxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Ginger in Health and Physical Activity: Review of Current Evidence - Nafiseh Shokri Mashhadi, Reza Ghiasvand, Gholamreza Askari, Mitra Hariri, Leila Darvishi & Mohammad Reza Mofid - International Journal of Preventive Medicine (4 Apr. 2013).

Nutritional Effects of Ginger (Zingiber Officinale Roscoe) on Immune Response of Asian Sea Bass, Lates Calcarifer (Bloch) and Disease Resistance against Vibrio Harveyi - Allah Dad Talpur, Mhd Ikhwanuddin & Abol-Munafi Ambok Bolong - Aquaculture (20 Jun. 2013):

“Phagocytic, respiratory burst, lysozyme, bactericidal and anti- protease activities were significantly increased in ginger fed groups compared with the control. The results of this study demonstrated that dietary ginger doses might strengthen the non-specific immunity and reduce susceptibility to V. harveyi.”

Protective Effect of Ginger (Zingiber Officinale Roscoe) Extract against Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Apoptosis induced by Interleukin-1β in Cultured Chondrocytes - Hosseinzadeh A., Bahrampour Juybari K., Fatemi M.J., Kamarul T., Bagheri A., Tekiyehmaroof N. & Sharifi A.M. - Cells Tissues Organs (2017).

A Critical Review on Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Importance of Ginger - Shafeeqa Irfan, Muhammad Modassar Ali Nawaz Ranjha, Shahid Mahmood, Ghulam Mueen-ud-Din, Saqib Rehman, Wajiha Saeed, Muhammad Qamrosh Alam, Syeda Mahvish Zahra, Muhammad Yousaf Quddoos, Iqra Ramzan, Ayesha Rafique & Abdullah bin Masood - Acta Scientifica Nutritional Health (Jan. 2019).

Beneficial Effects of an Aqueous Ginger Extract on the Immune System Cells and Antibodies, Hematology, and Thyroid Hormones in Male Smokers and Non-Smokers - Sawsan Hassan Mahassni & Oroob Abid Bukhari - Journal of Nutrition & Intermediary Metabolism (Mar. 2019).

Can Dietary Ginger (Zingiber Officinale) alter Biochemical and Immunological Parameters and Gene Expression related to Growth, Immunity and Antioxidant System in Zebrafish (Danio Rerio)? - Ehsan Ahmadifar, Najmeh Sheikhzadeh, Kambiz Roshanaei, Narges Dargahi & Caterina Faggio - Aquaculture (30 May 2019):

“Effects of the dietary ginger (Zingiber Officinale) on growth, some immunological and biochemical parameters and gene expression related to growth, immunity and antioxidant systems in zebrafish were studied. Immune parameters such as immunoglobulin level, alternative complement activity, and lysozyme activity were significantly higher in treatment groups fed with 2% and 3% ginger than the control fish. Amylase activity also increased significantly in the same pattern as the immunological parameters.”

Anti-Viral Activity of Zingiber Officinale (Ginger) Ingredients against the Chikungunya Virus - Sulochana Kaushik, Ginni Jangra, Vaibhav Kundu, J.P. Yadav & Samander Kaushik - VirusDisease (May 2020).

A Review on Medicinal Uses of Zingiber Officinale (Ginger) - Kankanam Gamage Chithramala Dissanayake, Waliwita Angoda Liyanage, Chandrasiri Waliwita & Ruwan Priyantha Liyanage - International Journal of Health Sciences and Research (Jun. 2020).

Bibliographic Research Information provided courtesy of The Academy of the Third Millennium (A3M) 2020