Ingredient #9 + Research

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INCLUDING NEW RESEARCH INTO CORONAVIRUS SARS-COV-2

Scientific Evidence: Ingredient #9 - MANGANESE

SARS-CoV-2 / COVID-19 Research results

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Potential Interventions for Novel Coronavirus in China: A Systematic Review - Lei Zhang & Yunhui Liu - Journal of Medical Virology (13 Feb. 2020):

“We have found that the general treatments are very important to enhance host immune response against RNA viral infection. The immune response has often been shown to be weakened by inadequate nutrition in many model systems as well as in human studies.”

COVID-19: is there a Role for Immunonutrition, particularly in the Over 65s? - Emma Derbyshire & Joanne Delange - BMJ Nutrition, Prevention & Health (16 Apr. 2020):

“It has been recognised that a ‘well-fed’ immune system is one way of helping to provide defence against pathogenic organisms. It has been elegantly stated that an ideal immune system should be ‘constantly alert and monitoring for signs of danger or invasion’. Professor Philip Calder is one of the leading experts in nutritional immunology and has published widely on this topic. In his article ‘Feeding the Immune System’, he explains that the immune system functions by acting as an exclusion barrier, identifying and eliminating pathogens and involving complex interplay between many different cell types and chemical mediators.”

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Earlier Scientific Evidence re: Manganese

Anti-Viral / Immune Supportive Research

Viral Infections and Trace Elements: Complex Interaction - U.C. Chaturvedi, Richa Shrivastava & R.K. Upreti - ResearchGate (Nov. 2003).

Synthesis, Characterization and Antiviral Activity against Influenza Virus of a Series of Novel Manganese-substituted Rare Earth Borotungstates Heteropolyoxometalates - Jie Liu, Wen-Jie Mei, An-Wu Xu, Cai-Ping Tan, Shuo Shi & Liang-Nian Ji - Antiviral Research (Apr. 2004).

Interaction of Viral Proteins with Metal Ions: Role in Maintaining the Structure and Functions of Viruses - Umesh C. Chaturvedi & Richa Shrivastava - FEMS Immunology & Medical Microbiology (1 Feb. 2005).

Effects of Supplementation with Higher Levels of Manganese and Magnesium on Immune Function - Eun-Wha Son, Sung-Ryul Lee, Hye-Sook Choi, Hyun-Jung Koo, Jung-Eun Huh, Mi-Hyun Kim & Suhkneung Pyo - Archives of Pharmacal Research (Jun. 2007).

Nutritional Immunity Beyond Iron: A Role for Manganese and Zinc - Thomas E. Kehl-Fie & Eric P. Skaar - Current Opinion in Chemical Biology (Apr. 2010).

Manganese and Microbial Pathogenesis: Sequestration by the Mammalian Immune System and Utilization by Microorganisms - Megan Brunjes Brophy & Elizabeth M. Nolan - ACS Chemical Biology (15 Jan. 2015):

“One important mechanism of innate immunity is the sequestration of metal ions that are essential nutrients. Manganese is one nutrient that is required for many pathogens to establish an infective lifestyle. This review summarizes recent advances in the role of manganese in the host–pathogen interaction and highlights Mn(II) sequestration by neutrophil calprotectin as well as how bacterial acquisition and utilization of manganese enables pathogenesis.”

The Essential Element Manganese, Oxidative Stress, and Metabolic Diseases: Links and Interactions - Longman Li & Xiaobo Yang - Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity (5 Apr. 2018).

Innate Immune Cells Speak Manganese - Hajo Haase - Immunity (17 Apr. 2018):

“The in vivo experiments in manganese-deficient mice raise the question of whether Mn2+ depletion might be able to impair the response against DNA viruses in humans, leading to impaired antiviral defense in manganese-deficient individuals, or even in whole populations with limited nutritional supply of manganese. This has not been reported, so far, but it is certainly possible that the requirement of Mn2+ for innate antiviral activity has been overlooked, possibly being masked by other, more prevalent symptoms of manganese deficiency. Alternatively, elaborate homeostatic control or basal manganese content in food could be sufficient to prevent deficiency to an extent that it would impair antiviral defense.”

Manganese Increases the Sensitivity of the cGASSTING Pathway for Double-Stranded DNA and is Required for the Host Defense against DNA Viruses - Chenguang Wang, Yukun Guan, Mengze Lv, Rui Zhang, Zhaoying Guo, Xiaoming Wei, Xiaoxia Du, Jing Yang, Tong Li, Yi Wan, Xiaodong Su, Xiaojun Huang & Zhengfan Jiang - Immunity (17 Apr. 2018):

“Here, we found that Mn2+ was required for the host defense against DNA viruses by increasing the sensitivity of the DNA sensor cGAS and its downstream adaptor protein STING. Mn2+ was released from membrane-enclosed organelles upon viral infection and accumulated in the cytosol where it bound directly to cGAS. Mn2+ enhanced the sensitivity of cGAS to double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) and its enzymatic activity, enabling cGAS to produce secondary messenger cGAMP in the presence of low concentrations of dsDNA that would otherwise be non-stimulatory. Mn2+ also enhanced STING activity by augmenting cGAMP-STING binding affinity. Mn-deficient mice showed diminished cytokine production and were more vulnerable to DNA viruses, and Mn-defi- cient STING-deficient mice showed no increased susceptibility. These findings indicate that Mn is critically involved and required for the host defense against DNA viruses.”

Mn potentiates cGAS - Ioana Visan - Nature Immunology (2018).

The Effect of Manganese Nanoparticles on Apoptosis and on Redox and Immune Status in the Tissues of Young Turkeys - Jan Jankowski, Katarzyna Ognik, Anna Stępniowska, Zenon Zduńczyk & Krzysztof Kozłowski - PLoS One (31 Jul. 2018).

The Manganese Salt (MnJ) Functions as A Potent Universal Adjuvant - Rui Zhang, Chenguang Wang, Yukun Guan, Xiaoming Wei, Mengyin Sha, Miao Jing, Mengze Lv, Jing Xu, Yi Wan & Zhengfan Jiang - BioRxiv (27 Sep. 2019):

“Manganese is an essential micronutrient required for diverse biological activities in cells. We previously found that Mn2+ is a strong type I-interferon stimulator activating the cGAS-STING pathway. Herein we report that a colloidal manganese salt (MnJ) is a potent adjuvant to induce both humoral and cellular immune responses, particularly CTL activation. When administrated intranasally, MnJ was also a strong mucosal adjuvant, inducing high levels of IgA antibodies. MnJ strongly promoted dendritic cell maturation and antigen-specific T cell activation.”

The Impact of Dietary Manganese on the Immune Response during Staphylococcus Aureus Infection of the Heart - Andrew J. Monteith [ Vanderbilt University Medical Center] - Grantome.com (2018-2020).

Bibliographic Research Information provided courtesy of The Academy of the Third Millennium (A3M) 2020