Ingredient #51 + Research

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INCLUDING NEW RESEARCH INTO CORONAVIRUS SARS-COV-2

Scientific Evidence: Ingredient #51 - LIMONENE

SARS-CoV-2 / COVID-19 Research results

FOR SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE UPDATED TO JANUARY 2022, OBTAIN THE FOURTH EDITION OF 'AVD' (2022)

Essential Oils as Antiviral Agents, Potential of Essential Oils to Treat SARS-CoV-2 Infection: An In-Silico Investigation - Joyce Kelly, R. da Silva, Pablo Luis Baia Figueiredo, Kendall G. Byler & William N. Setzer - International Journal of Molecular Science (12 May 2020):

“Because of the activities of several essential oils and essential oil components against human pathogenic viruses, we hypothesized that essential oil components may be potentially useful as antiviral agents against SARS-CoV-2. In this work, we carried out a molecular docking analysis of the major components of essential oils that exhibit antiviral activity with known SARS-CoV-2 protein targets.”

Geranium and Lemon Essential Oils and Their Active Compounds Downregulate Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2), a SARS-CoV-2 Spike Receptor-Binding Domain, in Epithelial Cells - Kj Senthil Kumar, M. Gokila Vani, Chung-Shuan Wang & Chia-Chi Chen - Plants (Jun. 2020):

“Next, we found that treatment with citronellol and limonene significantly downregulated ACE2 expression in epithelial cells. The results suggest that geranium and lemon essential oils and their derivative compounds are valuable natural anti-viral agents that may contribute to the prevention of the invasion of SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 into the human body.”

COVID-19 and Therapy with Essential Oils having Antiviral, Anti-Inflammatory, and Immunomodulatory Properties - Muhammad Asif, Mohammad Saleem, Malik Saadullah, Hafiza Sidra Yaseen & Raghdaa Al Zarzour - Inflammopharmacology (14 Aug. 2020):

“In this review, role of EOs in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 is discussed. A discussion on possible side effects associated with EOs as well as anti-corona virus claims made by EOs manufacturers are also highlighted. Based on the current knowledge a chemo-herbal (EOs) combination of the drugs could be a more feasible and effective approach to combat this viral pandemic.”

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Earlier Scientific Evidence re: Limonene

Anti-Viral / Immune Supportive Research

Immunomodulatory Activity of Naturally Occurring Monoterpenes Carvone, Limonene, and Perillic Acid - T.J. Raphael & G. Kuttan - Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology (28 Apr. 2003):

“The maximum total WBC count in carvone treated animals was observed on the 12th day (16,560 cells/cmm) while in limonene (13,783 cells/cmm) and perillic acid (14,437 cells/ cmm) treated animals the maximum count was observed on the 9th day after the drug treatment. Administration of terpenoids increased the total antibody production, antibody producing cells in spleen, bone marrow cellularity and alpha-esterase positive cells significantly compared to the normal animals indicating its potentiating effect on the immune system.”

Effect of D-Limonene on Immune Response in BALB/c Mice with Lymphoma - Susana Del Toro-Arreola, Edgardo Flores-Torales, Carlos Torres-Lozano, Alicia Del Toro-Arreola, Katia Tostado-Pelayo, Maria Guadalupe Ramirez-Dueñas & Adrian Daneri-Navarro - International Immunopharmacology (May 2005):

“The results showed that D-limonene increased the survival of lymphoma-bearing mice, delayed hypersensitivity reaction to DNFB, phagocytosis and microbicidal activity. In vitro studies indicate that D-limonene increased NO production in peritoneal macrophages obtained from tumor-bearing mice. Our data suggest that in addition to reported properties, D-limonene modulates the immune response with significant potential for clinical application.”

Limonene - A Review: Biosynthetic, Ecological and Pharmacological Relevance - Paul Erasto & Alvaro M. Viljoen - Natural Product Communications (14 Jun. 2008).

Antioxidant Activity of Limonene on Normal Murine Lymphocytes: Relation to H2O2 Modulation and Cell Proliferation - Davicino Roberto, Patricia Micucci, Turner Sebastian, Ferraro Graciela & Claudia Anesini - Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology (23 Jun. 2009).

D-Limonene modulates T Lymphocyte Activity and Viability - Courtney M. Lappas & Nicholas T. Lappas - Journal of Cellular Immunology (18 Sep. 2012).

Antimicrobial and Antiviral Effects of Essential Oils from Selected Umbelliferae and Labiatae Plants and Individual Essential Oil Components - İlkay Erdogan Orhan, Berrin Özcelik, Murat Kartal & Yüksel Kan - Turkish Journal of Biology (2012).

A Review on Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Monoterpenes - Rita De Cássia da Silveira e Sá, Luciana Nalone Andrade & Damião Pergentino De Sousa - Molecules (18 Jan. 2013).

Comparative Study on In Vitro Activities of Citral, Limonene and Essential Oils from Lippia Citriodora and L. Alba on Yellow Fever Virus - Luz Angela Gómez, Elena Stashenko & Raquel Elvira Ocazionez - Natural Product Communications (1 Feb. 2013).

Antiviral Activity of Monoterpenes beta-Pinene and Limonene against Herpes Simplex Virus In Vitro - Akram Astani, Shahid Sadoughi & Paul Schnitzler - Iranian Journal of Microbiology (Jun. 2014):

“Beta-pinene and limonene reduced viral infectivity by 100%. The mode of antiviral action has been determined, only moderate antiviral effects were revealed by monoterpenes when these drugs were added to host cells prior infection or after entry of HSV into cells. However, both monoterpenes exhibited high anti-HSV-1 activity by direct interaction with free virus particles.”

The Effects of Nigella Sativa (Ns), Anthemis Hyalina (Ah) and Citrus Sinensis (Cs) Extracts on the Replication of Coronavirus and the Expression of TRP Genes Family - Mustafa Ulasli, Serdar A. Gurses, Recep Bayraktar, Onder Yumrutas, Serdar Oztuzcu, Mehri Igci, Yusuf Ziya Igci, Ecir Ali Cakmak & Ahmet Arslan - Molecular Biology (12 Jan. 2014).

Chemical Composition, Antiviral against Avian Influenza (H5N1) Virus and Antimicrobial Activities of the Essential Oils of the Leaves and Fruits of Fortunella Margarita, Lour. Swingle, Growing in Egypt - Nabaweya A. Ibrahim, Seham S. El-Hawary, Magdy M D. Mohammed, Mohamed A. Farid, Nayera A.M. Abdel Wahed, Mohamed A.A. & Eman A.W. El-Abd - Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science (Jan. 2015).

Antiviral Activity of Colombian Labiatae and Verbenaceae Family Essential Oils and Monoterpenes on Human Herpes Viruses - Yaneth Miranda Brand, Vicky Constanza Roa-Linares, Liliana Amparo Betancur-Galvis, Diego Camilo Durán-García & Elena Stashenko - Journal of Essential Oil Research (26 Oct. 2015).

Antimicrobial Properties of Plant Essential Oils against Human Pathogens and Their Mode of Action: An Updated Review - M.K. Swamy, M.S. Akhtar & U.R. Sinniah - Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine (20 Dec. 2016).

Biochemical Significance of Limonene and its Metabolites: Future Prospects for Designing and Developing Highly Potent Anticancer Drugs - Yusif M. Mukhtar, Michael Adu-Frimpong, Ximing Xu & Jiangnan Yu - Bioscience Reports (14 Nov. 2018).

Essential Oils and Mono/bi/tri-Metallic Nanocomposites as Alternative Sources of Antimicrobial Agents to Combat Multidrug-Resistant Pathogenic Microorganisms: An Overview - Nagaraj Basavegowda, Jayanta Kumar Patra & Kwang-Hyun Baek - Molecules (27 Feb. 2020).

Antiviral Effects of Plant-Derived Essential Oils and Their Components: An Updated Review - Li Ma & Lei Yao - Molecules (5 Jun. 2020).

Bibliographic Research Information provided courtesy of The Academy of the Third Millennium (A3M) 2020