Ingredient #48 + Research

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INCLUDING NEW RESEARCH INTO CORONAVIRUS SARS-COV-2

Scientific Evidence: Ingredient #48 - REISHI

SARS-CoV-2 / COVID-19 Research results

FOR SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE UPDATED TO JANUARY 2022, OBTAIN THE FOURTH EDITION OF 'AVD' (2022)

Natural Bioactive Compounds from Fungi as Potential Candidates for Protease Inhibitors and Immunomodulators to Apply for Coronaviruses - Nakarin Suwannarach, Jaturong Kumla, Kanaporn Sujarit, Thanawat Pattananandecha, Chalermpong Saenjum & Saisamorn Lumyong - Molecules (14 Apr. 2020):

“Fungi are a source of natural bioactive compounds that offer therapeutic potential in the prevention of viral diseases and for the improvement of human immunomodulation. Here, we made a brief review of the current findings on fungi as producers of protease inhibitors and studies on the relevant candidate fungal bioactive compounds that can offer immunomodulatory activities as potential therapeutic agents of coronaviruses in the future.”

Can Activation of NRF2 Be a Strategy against COVID-19? - Antonio Cuadrado, Marta Pajares, Cristina Benito, Gina Manda, Ana I. Rojo & Albena T. Dinkova-Kostova - Trends in Pharmacological Sciences (14 Jul. 2020):

“An early study highlighted that the anti-inflammatory and NRF2-inducer potencies of 18 triterpenoids correlated linearly over six orders of magnitude of concentration, suggesting that the two processes are mechanistically linked. Some triterpenoids isolated from Ganoderma lucidum have been found to be potential inhibitors of the NS2B-NS3 protease of DENV. ”

The Antiviral, Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Natural Medicinal Herbs and Mushrooms and SARS-CoV-2 Infection - Fanila Shahzad, Diana Anderson & Mojgan Najafzadeh - nutrients (25 Aug. 2020):

“The extracts described in this review have been proven to possess great antiviral activities, with a general consensus of low toxicity. In addition, compared to commercial pharmaceuticals, such medicinal herbs are readily available and much cheaper. With the current pandemic, many scientists have rushed to the development of a potential vaccine and therapeutic agent that is effective against COVID-19; however, herbal agents should not be overlooked.” [This review includes an account of the results of experimentation with a combined extract of Ganoderma Lucidum and Egyptian Chlorella Vulgaris, concluding that they work synergistically.]

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Earlier Scientific Evidence re: Reishi

Anti-Viral / Immune Supportive Research

Antiviral Activities of Various Water and Methanol Soluble Substances isolated from Ganoderma Lucidum - S.K. Eo, Y.S. Kim, C.K. Lee & S.S. Han - Journal of Ethnopharmacology (1 Dec 1999).

Possible Mode of Antiviral Activity of Acidic Protein Bound Polysaccharide isolated from Ganoderma Lucidum on Herpes Simplex Viruses - Seong-Kug Eo, Young-So Kim, Chong-Kil Lee & Seong-Sun Han - Journal of Ethnopharmacology (Oct. 2000).

Antibacterial and Antiviral Value of the Genus Ganoderma P. Karst. Species (Aphyllophoromycetideae): A Review - Yihuai Gao, Shufeng Zhou, Min Huang & Anlong Xu - International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms (Jan. 2003).

Antiviral/Antitumor Roles of Ganoderma Lucidum Spores - Rui Hai Liu - Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA - Grantome (2004-2006).

Gandoderma Lucidum Extract Promotes Immune Responses in Normal BALB/c Mice In Vivo - Yung-Hsien Chang, Jai-Sing Yang, Jiun-Long Yang, Chang-Lin Wu, SHU-Jen Chang, Kung-Wen Lu, Chao-Lin Kuo, Te-Chun Hsia & Jing-Gung Chung - in vivo (Sep-Oct. 2009).

Antiviral Effects of Two Ganoderma Lucidum Triterpenoids against Enterovirus 71 Infection - Wenjing Zhang, Junyan Tao, Xiaoping Yang, Zhuliang Yang, Li Zhang, Hongsheng Liu, Kailang Wu & Jianguo Wu - Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications (4 Jul. 2014).

Anti-Viral Activity of Culinary and Medicinal Mushroom Extracts against Dengue Virus Serotype 2: An In-Vitro Study - Kavithambigai Ellan, Ravindran Thayan, Jegadeesh Raman, Kazuya I.P.J. Hidari, Norizah Ismail & Vikineswary Sabaratnam - BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine (18 Sep. 2019).

Antiviral Agents From Fungi: Diversity, Mechanisms and Potential Applications - Riikka Linnakoski, Dhanik Reshamwala, Pyry Veteli, Marta Cortina-Escribano, Henri Vanhanen & Varpu Marjomäki - Frontiers in Microbiology (2 Oct. 2018).

Inhibitory Effect of Constituents Isolated from Ganoderma Lucidum on LPS-Stimulated Macrophages TNF-α Production - Y. Chuang, C. Liu, N. Yang, Y. Song, B. Liang & X. Li - The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (1 Feb. 2011).

Immunomodulatory Activity of Ganoderma Lucidum Immunomodulatory Protein via PI3K/Akt and MAPK Signaling Pathways in Macrophage RAW264.7 Cells - Qi-Zhang Li, Yu- Zhou Chang, Liu-Ding-Ji Li, Xiao-Yu Du, Xiao-Hui Bai, Zhu-Mei He, Lei Chen & Xuan-Wei Zhou - bioRxiv (19 Dec. 2018).

Antiviral Potential of Mushrooms in the Light of their Biological Active Compounds - Waill A. Elkhateeb, Ghoson M. Daba, Elmahdy M. Elmahdy, Paul W. Thomas, Ting-Chi Wen & Mohamed N.F. Shaheen - ARC Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences (2019):

“Studies from different countries have shown that polysaccharides, as well as other fungal compounds (nucleosides, proteins, terpenoids, glycoproteins, etc.) exert antiviral effect against many viruses pathogenic for humans such as orthopoxviruses, herpes, hepatitis viruses, West Nile, human immunodeficiency, and influenza.”

Advances in Research on the Active Constituents and Physiological Effects of Ganoderma Lucidum - Yunli Yang, Huina Zhang, Jinhui Zuo, Xiaoyan Gong, Fan Yi, Wanshan Zhu & Li Li - Biomedical Dermatology (29 Nov. 2019).

Discovery of Ganoderma Lucidum Triterpenoids as Potential Inhibitors against Dengue Virus NS2B-NS3 Protease - Shiv Bharadwaj, Kyung Eun Lee, Vivek Dhar Dwivedi, Umesh Yadava, Aleksha Panwar, Stuart. J. Lucas, Amit Pandey & Sang Gu Kang - Scientific Reports (13 Dec. 2019):

“From in silico analysis of twenty-two triterpenoids of Ganoderma lucidum, four triterpenoids, viz. Ganodermanontriol (-6.291 kcal/mol), Lucidumol A (-5.993 kcal/mol), Ganoderic acid C2 (-5.948 kcal/mol) and Ganosporeric acid A (-5.983 kcal/mol) were predicted to be viral protease inhibitors by comparison to reference inhibitor 1,8-Dihydroxy-4,5-dinitroanthraquinone (-5.377 kcal/mol).”

Molecular Mechanisms of Bioactive Polysaccharides from Ganoderma Lucidum (Lingzhi), A Review - Jiahui Lu, Rongjun He, Peilong Sun, Fuming Zhang, Robert J. Linhardt & Anqiang Zhang - International Journal of Biological Macromolecules (1 May 2020).

Ganoderma Lucidum Polysaccharide (GLP) enhances Antitumor Immune Response by regulating Differentiation and Inhibition of MDSCs via a CARD9-NF-κB-IDO Pathway - Yong- yong Wang, Xiaowu Fan & Xiaowei Wu - Bioscience Reports (23 Jun. 2020).

Bibliographic Research Information provided courtesy of The Academy of the Third Millennium (A3M) 2020