Ingredient #47 + Research

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INCLUDING NEW RESEARCH INTO CORONAVIRUS SARS-COV-2

Scientific Evidence: Ingredient #47 - MAITAKE

SARS-CoV-2 / COVID-19 Research results

FOR SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE UPDATED TO JANUARY 2022, OBTAIN THE FOURTH EDITION OF 'AVD' (2022)

Natural Bioactive Compounds from Fungi as Potential Candidates for Protease Inhibitors and Immunomodulators to Apply for Coronaviruses - Nakarin Suwannarach, Jaturong Kumla, Kanaporn Sujarit, Thanawat Pattananandecha, Chalermpong Saenjum & Saisamorn Lumyong - Molecules (14 Apr. 2020):

“Fungi are a source of natural bioactive compounds that offer therapeutic potential in the prevention of viral diseases and for the improvement of human immunomodulation. Here, we made a brief review of the current findings on fungi as producers of protease inhibitors and studies on the relevant candidate fungal bioactive compounds that can offer immuno-modulatory activities as potential therapeutic agents of coronaviruses in the future.”

The Antiviral, Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Natural Medicinal Herbs and Mushrooms and SARS-CoV-2 Infection - Fanila Shahzad, Diana Anderson & Mojgan Najafzadeh - nutrients (25 Aug. 2020):

“A previous study puriﬁed a novel antiviral protein extract GFAHP from Grifola frondosa using ammonium sulphate precipitation and DEAE ion exchange chromatography. GFAHP has a reported molecular weight of 29.5 kDa, and the N-terminal sequence of GFAHP consists of 11 amino acid peptides. This peptide sequence did not match any known amino acid sequences, thus indicating that GFAHP is likely to be a novel antivirus protein. This protein extract displayed great ability to inhibit in vitro replication of HSV type 1 (HSV-1). In murine models, higher concentrations of GFAHP, in particular at the doses of 125 and 500µg/mL, strongly reduced the severity of blepharitis, neovascularisation and stromal keratitis induced by HSV-1 (Gu et al., 2007). Gu et al. (2007) found that topical administration of the GFAHP protein extract to the cornea of mice caused a signiﬁcant decrease in virus production. This study demonstrated that GFAHP was able to both directly inactivate HSV-1and inhibit HSV-1 inﬁltration into Vero cells.”

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Earlier Scientific Evidence re: Maitake

Anti-Viral / Immune Supportive Research

Modification of Cellular Immune Responses in Experimental Autoimmune Hepatitis in Mice by Maitake (Grifola Frondosa) - Keiko Kubo & Hiroaki Nanba - Mycoscience (Dec. 1998).

Effect of Maitake (Grifola Frondosa) D-Fraction on the Activation of NK Cells in Cancer Patients - Noriko Kodama, Kiyoshi Komuta & Hiroaki Nanba - Journal of Medicinal Food (Feb. 2003).

Stimulation of the Natural Immune System in Normal Mice by Polysaccharide from Maitake Mushroom - Noriko Kodama, Tadahiro Kakuno & Hiroaki Nanba - Mycoscience (Jun. 2003):

“These results indicate that D-Fraction [polysaccharide extract from Griola Frondosa] stimulates the natural immunity related to the activation of NK cells indirectly through IL-12 produced by macrophages and dendritic cells. Therefore, administration of D-Fraction to healthy individuals may serve to prevent infection.”

Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulating Properties of Fungal Metabolites - Cristina Lull, Harry J. Wichers & Huub F. J. Savelkoul - Mediators of Inflammation (9 Jun. 2005).

The Pharmacological Potential of Mushrooms - Ulrike Lindequist, Timo H.J. Niedermeyer & Wolf-Dieter Jülich - Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine (Sep. 2005).

A Phase I/II Trial of a Polysaccharide Extract from Grifola Frondosa (Maitake Mushroom) in Breast Cancer Patients: Immunological Effects - Gary Deng, Hong Lin, Andrew Seidman, Monica Fornier, Gabriella D'Andrea, Kathleen Wesa, Simon Yeung, Susanna Cunningham-Rundles, Andrew J. Vickers & Barrie Cassileth - Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology (1 Mar. 2009).

Synergistic Potentiation of D-Fraction with Vitamin C as Possible Alternative Approach for Cancer Therapy - S. Konno - International Journal of General Medicine (30 Jul. 2009).

Immune-enhancing Effects of Maitake (Grifola Frondosa) and Shiitake (Lentinula Edodes) Extracts - Vaclav Vetvicka & Jana Vetvickova - Annals of Translational Medicine (24 Feb. 2014).

Immune Modulation From Five Major Mushrooms: Application to Integrative Oncology - Alena G. Guggenheim, Kirsten M. Wright & Heather L. Zwickey - Integrative Medicine [Encinitas] (Feb. 2014).

Administration of a Polysaccharide from Grifola Frondosa Stimulates Immune Function of Normal Mice - Noriko Kodama, Yukihito Murata & Hiroaki Nanba - Journal of Medicinal Food (25 Aug. 2014):

“The results suggest that D-Fraction induced a Th-2 dominant response through the activation of macrophages, resulting in the enhancement of humoral immunity rather than cell-mediated immunity. Furthermore, an increase in the percentage ratio of CD69 and CD89 expression on major histocompatibility complex II+ cells revealed activation of APCs 4 h after D-Fraction administration. These results indicate that D-Fraction enhances both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune response in normal mice. Therefore, its administration may enhance host defense against foreign pathogens and protect healthy individuals from infectious diseases.”

Glucan Supplementation enhances the Immune Response against an Influenza Challenge in Mice - Vaclav Vetvicka & Jana Vetvickova - Annals of Translational Medicine (Feb. 2015).

Antitumor Activity of Orally Administered Maitake α-Glucan by stimulating Antitumor Immune Response in Murine Tumor - Yuki Masuda, Yoshiaki Nakayama, Akihiro Tanaka, Kenta Naito & Morichika Konishi - PLoS One (9 Mar. 2017):

“In this study, we found that oral administration of YM-2A [Maitake α-Glucan] could inhibit tumor growth and improve survival rate in two distinct mouse models of colon-26 carcinoma and B16 melanoma. Orally administered YM-2A enhanced antitumor immune response by increasing INF-γ- expressing CD4+ and CD8+ cells in the spleen and INF-γ-expressing CD8+ cells in tumor-draining lymph nodes. In vitro study showed that YM-2A directly activated splenic CD11b+ myeloid cells, peritoneal macrophages and bone marrow-derived dendritic cells.”

Maitake Mushrooms (Grifola Frondosa) enhances Antibody Production in Response to Influenza Vaccination in Healthy Adult Volunteers concurrent with Alleviation of Common Cold Symptoms - Jun Nishihira, Mayumi Sato, Aiko Tanaka, Masatoshi Okamatsu, Tomonori Azuma, Naonobu Tsutsumi & Shozo Yoneyama - Functional Foods in Health & Disease (2017):

“In this clinical trial, we demonstrated that Maitake intake enhanced antibody production in response to influenza vaccination while simultaneously suppressing multiple common cold symptoms. The current results suggest that Maitake may activate both innate and adaptive immune responses for the prevention of virus infection. In conclusion, we expect that Maitake intake potentiates host defense systems and has a protective effect against influenza virus and other pathogenic viruses and bacteria.”

Bibliographic Research Information provided courtesy of The Academy of the Third Millennium (A3M) 2020