Ingredient #42 + Research

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INCLUDING NEW RESEARCH INTO CORONAVIRUS SARS-COV-2

Scientific Evidence: Ingredient #42 - HIBISCUS

SARS-CoV-2 / COVID-19 Research results

FOR SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE UPDATED TO JANUARY 2022, OBTAIN THE FOURTH EDITION OF 'AVD' (2022)

Natural Products' Role against COVID-19 - Ananda da Silva Antonio, Larissa Silveira Moreira Wiedemann & Valdir Florêncio Veiga-Junior - RSC Advances (19 Jun. 2020):

"Bioactivities of natural products have been widely applied in pharmaceutical industry and ethnobotany, such as inflammation, cancer, oxidative process and viral infections. Several antiviral bioproducts have already been described by the activity against Dengue virus, Coronavirus, Enterovirus, Hepatitis B, Influenza virus and HIV. Thus, bioproducts could be friends in the fight against SARS-CoV-2, through enabling the development of specific chemotherapies to COVID-19. In this paper, we provide insights on the potential of bioproducts in face of this new threat."

Potential Role of Medicinal Plants and their Constituents in the Mitigation of SARS-CoV-2: identifying Related Therapeutic Targets using Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking Analyses - Eman Shawky, Ahmed A. Nada & Reham S. Ibrahim - RSC Advances (27 Jul. 2020) [Hibiscus Sabdariffa L. is among the medicinal plants tested]:

"Molecular docking studies on the viral enzymes 3Clpro, PLpro and RdRp suggested rocymosin B, verbascoside, rutin, caftaric acid, luteolin 7-rutinoside, fenugreekine and cyanidin 3-(6′′-malonylglucoside) as promising molecules for further drug development. Meanwhile, the medicinal plants Glycyrrhiza glabra, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Cichorium intybus, Chrysanthemum coronarium, Nigella sativa, Anastatica hierochuntica, Euphorbia species, Psidium guajava and Epilobium hirsutum were enriched in compounds with the multi-targets PTGS2, IL2, IL1b, VCAM1 and TNF such as quercetin, ursolic acid, kaempferol, isorhamnetin, luteolin, glycerrhizin and apigenin."

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Earlier Scientific Evidence re: Hibiscus

Anti-Viral / Immune Supportive Research

Antiviral Effect of Hibiscus Sabdariffa and Celosia Argentea on Measles Virus - Sunday Omilabu, A. Bankole Munir, Akeeb Oriowo Bola Oyefolu & A. Adesanya Bolanle - African Journal of Microbiology Research (Feb. 2010):

“The leaves of Hibiscus sabdariffa (red and green leaved) and Celosia argentea were studied for their antiviral activities against Measles Virus (MV) as well as the effects of the extracts on Hep-2 cells. [...] H. sabdariffa had antiviral activities only at 10 and 15 mg/ml on MV. The post-inoculative treatment of Hep-2 cells with plant extracts showed that at 5, 10 and 15 mg/ml concentrations, H. sabdariffa had antiviral activities on MV.”

Could the Products of Indian Medicinal Plants be the Next Alternative for the Treatment of Infections? - B. Nandagopal, S. Sankar, M. Ramamurthy, S. Sathish & G. Sridharan - Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology (2011). [Leaves of Hibiscus Rosasinensis are tested against Burkholderia pseudomallei by the disc diffusion method.]

Effect of Hibiscus Sabdraffira and Tea Extract on Cellular Immunity in Lab Animals - ازهار عمران لطيف الذهب, وسن سامي شكر - Al-Kufa University Journal for Biology (2011):

“In this study, the effect of aqueous extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa calyces, black and green tea leaves were studied in lab animals. Cellular immunity which represented by the phagocytes [sic.] as in the reduction of NBT dye and skin DHT test. Hibiscus extract was showed higher significant NBT reduction in P ≥.05 compare[d] with tea extract and control where's there three plants [sic.] were stimulated cellular immunity in skin DTH test demonstrated by signs of reaction such as redness, thickness, necrotic, indurations and erythma after 24-72 hr.” [Abstract is provided as it appears at beginning of article - original paper is in Arabic and does not have an adequate translation.]

Immunomodulation by Hibiscus Rosa-Sinensis: Effect on the Humoral and Cellular Immune Response of Mus Musculus - Nidhi Mishra, Vijay Lakshmi Tandon & Rekha Gupta - Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences (15 Mar. 2012):

“In present investigation, aqueous extract of H. rosa-sinensis (AEHrs) (500 mg kg(-1) BW) was intraperitoneally (IP) injected to the male Swiss albino mice (Mus musculus) to evaluate the immunomodulatory property of extract. In addition for evaluation of phytochemical constituents of flowers of H. rosa-sinensis HPTLC was performed. The crude extract of H. rosa-sinensis has immunomodulatory activity. [...] HPTLC chromatogram revealed that Hibiscus rosa-sinensis posses alkaloid (Rf 0.93) and flavonoids (Rf 0.02, 0.06, 0.14) on the basis of Rf values. Results of investigation supports for the immunomodulatory activity of H. rosa-sinensis aqueous extract.”

“It is hereby, suggested that the plant extract used in the present study i.e., blooms of H. rosa-sinensis have potentiality to stimulate humoral immune response more efficiently then the cellular immune response from day 5 onward of the treatment. This property may be due to the presence of flavonoids and alkaloids in the extract of this plant.”

Hibiscus Sabdariffa L. – A Phytochemical and Pharmacological Review - Inês Da-Costa-Rocha, Bernd Bonnlaender, Hartwig Sievers, Ivo Pischel & Michael Heinrich - Food Chemistry (15 Dec. 2014).

High Antiviral Effects of Hibiscus Tea Extract on the H5 Subtypes of Low and Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses - Tugsbaatar Baatartsogt, N. Bui, Dai Q. Trinh, Emi Yamaguchi, Dulyatad Gronsang, Rapeewan Thampaisarn, Haruko Ogawa & Kunitoshi Imai - Journal of Veterinary Medical Science (19 May 2016):

Hibiscus Sabdariffa L. and its Bioactive Constituents Exhibit Antiviral Activity against HSV-2 and Anti-enzymatic Properties against Urease by an ESI-MS Based Assay - Sherif T. S. Hassan, Emil Švajdlenka & Kateřina Berchová-Bímová - Molecules (30 Apr. 2017):

“The present findings indicated that PCA [protocatechuic acid - active ingredient in Hibiscus Sabdariffa] exhibited notable inhibitory properties on HSV-2 replication and thus has promising application in the development of anti-HSV-2 drugs. However, further studies should be carried out to evaluate its safety, validate the activity in vivo, and to eliminate the possible adverse effects of this compound by using improved delivery techniques prior its possible practical application. In addition, our results indicate that AEHS exerted anti-urease activity according to a developed ESI-MS-based assay. However, further studies must be performed to identify the active compounds in AEHS that contribute to the anti-urease activity, and evaluate their toxicity and structure-activity relationships.”

Pharmacological Evaluation of the Hibiscus Herbal Extract against Herpes Simplex Virus-Type 1 as an Antiviral Drug In Vitro - Zenab Aly Torky - 12th World Congress on Virology, Baltimore USA (16-17 Oct. 2017):

“Hibiscus showed a potential activity of methanolic and aqueous extracts against HSV-1 as indicated by selectivity index values of 8.0 and 7.7 correspondingly. Mechanism of action, revealed that the extract not only prevented the virus particles from interacting with the Vero cells in the pre-treatment assay but also had a prophylactic effect blocking the replication of the virus causing prophylactic selectivity indices of 6.1 and 5.2 for methanolic and aqueous extracts correspondingly, confirming a maximum protection of Vero cells against HSV-1 attack. Antigen expression Results showed that the effect of Hibiscus on inhibiting the HSV-1 virus after 5 h is much better than their effect 10 h post infection. Conclusion: Results demonstrated the potent and broad spectrum antiviral activity of Hibiscus due to the multiple components contained in the extract from active ingredients which cooperate together in synergetic manner and that all Hibiscus extracts tested were effective as virucidal and prophylactic agent, which makes Hibiscus a novel treatment against HSV-1.”

Antiviral Activities of Hibiscus Sabdariffa L. Tea Extract Against Human Influenza A Virus rely largely on Acidic pH but Partially on a Low-pH-Independent Mechanism - Yohei Takeda, Yuko Okuyama, Hiroto Nakano, Yasunori Yaoita, Koich Machida, Haruko Ogawa & Kunitoshi Imai - Food and Environmental Virology (16 Oct. 2019):

“Here, we analyzed the antiviral activity of hibiscus (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) tea extract against human IAV and evaluated its potential as a novel anti-IAV drug and a safe inactivating agent for whole inactivated vaccine. The in vitro study revealed that the pH of hibiscus tea extract is acidic, and its rapid and potent antiviral activity relied largely on the acidic pH. [...] Further study of the low-pH-independent antiviral mechanism and attempts to enhance the antiviral activity may establish a novel anti-IAV therapy and vaccination strategy.”

Bioactive Compounds Isolated from In Vitro Callus and Wild Plant of Hibiscus Sabdariffa Linn. and its Anticancer Activities - Amutha Swaminathan & Raaman Nanjian - Proceedings of International Conference on Drug Discovery (15 Dec. 2019).

Bibliographic Research Information provided courtesy of The Academy of the Third Millennium (A3M) 2020