Ingredient #40 + Research

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INCLUDING NEW RESEARCH INTO CORONAVIRUS SARS-COV-2

Scientific Evidence: Ingredient #40 - ECHINACEA

SARS-CoV-2 / COVID-19 Research results

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In Vitro Antiviral Activity of Echinaforce®, an Echinacea Purpurea Preparation, against Common Cold Coronavirus 229E and Highly Pathogenic MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV - Johanna Signer, Hulda R. Jonsdottir, Werner C. Albrich, Marc Strasser, Roland Züst, Sarah Ryter, Rahel Ackermann-Gäumann, Nicole Lenz, Denise Siegrist, Andreas Suter, Roland Schoop & Olivier B. Engler - Research Square (26 Feb./10 Mar./15 Aug. 2020):

“Finally, antiviral activity was not restricted to common cold coronaviruses, as the highly pathogenic SARS- and MERS-CoVs were inactivated at comparable concentrations. Conclusions: These results suggest that Echinacea purpurea pre- parations, such as Echinaforce ®, could be effective as prophylactic treatment for all CoVs, including newly occurring strains, such as SARS-CoV-2.”

Echinacea Purpurea to treat Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) - R Anandan, Suseendran G., Noor Zaman & Sarfraz N. Brohi - ResearchGate (May 2020):

“This study aims to check a completely unique medicament called "Echinacea purpurea" against the crystal structure of 2019-nCoV Main Protease. This study presents an ideal model for Echinacea purpurea to be tested in silico against 2019-nCoV Main Protease.” [An In Silico study on potential SARS-CoV-2 protease inhibition by Echinacea Purpurea]

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Earlier Scientific Evidence re: Echinacea

Anti-Viral / Immune Supportive Research

Pharmaceutical Comparability of Different Therapeutic Echinacea Preparations [Article in German] - S. Osowski, M. Rostock, H.H. Bartsch & U. Massing - Forschende Komplementar-Medizin und Klassische Naturheilkunde [Research in Complementary and Natural Classical Medicine] (1 Dec. 2000).

Medicinal Properties of Echinacea: A Critical Review - B. Barrett - Phytomedicine: International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology (Jan. 2003).

Immune System Effects of Echinacea, Ginseng, and Astragalus: A Review - K.I. Block & M.N. Mead - Integrative Cancer Therapies (Sep. 2003).

Characterization of Antiviral Activities in Echinacea Root Preparations - Jim Hudson, Selvarani Vimalanathan, Linda Kang, Virginie Treyvaud Amiguet, John Livesey & J. Thor Arnason - Pharmaceutical Biology (7 Oct. 2008):

“We have shown in this study that E. purpurea roots contain at least one potent water-souble antiviral compound, which is active against the two membrane-containing viruses herpes simplex type 1 and influenza virus. In contrast, this compound was not active against the common cold-producing rhinovirus. Because RV does not contain a membrane, this suggests that a membrane component of HSV and FV might be the target of the antiviral compound.”

Induction of Multiple Pro-inflammatory Cytokines by Respiratory Viruses and Reversal by Standardized Echinacea, a Potent Antiviral Herbal Extract - M. Sharma, S.A. Anderson, R. Schoop & J.B. Hudson - Antiviral Research (Jun. 2009).

Echinacea as an Anti-Inflammatory Agent: The Influence of Physiologically Relevant Parameters - M. Sharma, R. Schoop & J.B. Hudson - Phytotherapy Research (Jun. 2009).

Anti-viral Properties and Mode of Action of Standardized Echinacea Purpurea Extract against Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (H5N1, H7N7) and Swine-origin H1N1 (S-OIV) - Stephan Pleschka, Michael Stein, Roland Schoop & James B. Hudson - Virology Journal (13 Nov. 2009):

“Detailed studies with the H5N1 HPAIV strain indicated that direct contact between EF [Echinaforce ®]and virus was required, prior to infection, in order to obtain maximum inhibition in virus replication. Hemagglutination assays showed that the extract inhibited the receptor binding activity of the virus, suggesting that the extract interferes with the viral entry into cells. In sequential passage studies under treatment in cell culture with the H5N1 virus no EF-resistant variants emerged, in contrast to Tamiflu ®, which produced resistant viruses upon passaging. Furthermore, the Tamiflu ®-resistant virus was just as susceptible to EF as the wild type virus.”

The Efficacy of Echinacea in a 3-D Tissue Model of Human Airway Epithelium - M. Sharma, R. Schoop & J.B. Hudson - Phytotherapy Research (1 Jun. 2010).

Echinacea: A Source of Potent Antivirals for Respiratory Virus Infections - James Hudson & Selvarani Vimalanathan - Pharmaceuticals [Basel] (13 Jul. 2011).

Applications of the Phytomedicine Echinacea Purpurea (Purple Coneflower) in Infectious Diseases - James B. Hudson - Bio-Med Research International [Special Issue: Natural Products for Medicine] (26 Oct. 2011).

Safety and Efficacy Profile of Echinacea Purpurea to Prevent Common Cold Episodes: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial - M. Jawad, R. Schoop, A. Suter, P. Klein & R. Eccles - Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine (Sep. 2012).

Efficacy and Safety of Echinaforce (R) in Respiratory Tract Infections - A. Schapowal - Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift [Vienna Medical Weekly] (20 Dec. 2012).

Immunomodulation of Influenza Infection by Echinacea and Obesity - Susan Renée Hodgkins - Iowa State University Digital Repository (2013).

Echinacea reduces the Risk of Recurrent Respiratory Tract Infections and Complications: a Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials - A. Schapowal, P. Klein & S.L. Johnston - Advances in Therapy (18 Mar. 2015):

“Evidence indicates that echinacea potently lowers the risk of recurrent respiratory infections and complications thereof.”

Effect of an Echinacea-Based Hot Drink Versus Oseltamivir in Influenza Treatment: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Double-Dummy, Multicenter, Noninferiority Clinical Trial - K. Raus, S. Pleschka, P. Klein, R. Schoop & P. Fisher - Current Therapeutic Research, Clinical and Experimental (20 Apr. 2015).

Echinacea purpurea: A Proprietary Extract of Echinacea Purpurea is Shown to be Safe and Effective in the Prevention of the Common Cold - Stephanie Maxine Ross - Holistic Nursing Practice (Jan-Feb. 2016).

Prevention of Influenza Virus Induced Bacterial Superinfection by Standardized Echinacea Purpurea, via Regulation of Surface Receptor Expression in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells - S. Vimalanathan, R. Schoop A. Suter & J. Hudson - Virus Research (7 Mar. 2017).

Immunomodulators Inspired by Nature: A Review on Curcumin and Echinacea - Michele Catanzaro, Emanuela Corsini, Michela Rosini, Marco Racchi & Cristina Lanni - Molecules (26 Oct. 2018).

Fructans as Immunomodulatory and Antiviral Agents: The Case of Echinacea - Erin Dobrange, Darin Peshev, Bianke Loedolff & Wim Van den Ende - Biomolecules (16 Oct. 2019).

Bibliographic Research Information provided courtesy of The Academy of the Third Millennium (A3M) 2020