Ingredient #39 + Research

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INCLUDING NEW RESEARCH INTO CORONAVIRUS SARS-COV-2

Scientific Evidence: Ingredient #39 - LEMON BALM

Significant Research results (1964-2008)

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Antiviral Activity of Melissa Officinalis (Lemon Balm) Extract - Ronald A. Cohen, Louis S. Kucera & Ernest C. Herrmann Jr. - Experimental Biology and Medicine (1 Nov. 1964):

“Experiments were carried out using HEp-2 cells. M. officinalis volatile oil was found to be non-toxic to HEp-2 cells up to a concentration of 100 μg/ml. It was, however, found to be slightly toxic at a concentration over of 100 μg/ml. The antiviral activity of non-toxic concentrations against HSV-2 was tested. The replication of HSV-2 was inhibited, indicating that the M. officinalis L. extract contains an anti-HSV-2 substance.”

The Effect of the Melissa Officinalis Extract on Immune Response in Mice - J. Drozd & E. Anuszewska - Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica (Nov-Dec. 2003):

“The effect of an extract from Melissa officinalis on immune response in mice was analysed using the cytotoxicity test in three dilutions (undiluted extract and extract diluted 10 and 100 times) [...] The immunostimulating activity of the extract was compared with that of a synthetic compound - levamisole, which influence on the immune system is well known. The present results confirm the effect of water extracts from leaves of Melissa on the immune system, in both humoral and cellular response.”

Antiviral Activity of the Volatile Oils of Melissa Officinalis L. against Herpes Simplex Virus Type-2 - A. Allahverdiyev, N. Duran, M. Ozguven & S. Koltas - Phytomedicine (25 Nov. 2004).

Inhibitory Activity of Melissa Officinalis L. Extract on Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Replication - G. Mazzanti, L. Battinelli, C. Pompeo, A.M. Serrilli, R. Rossi, I. Sauzullo et alia - Natural Product Research [Formerly Natural Product Letters] (Feb. 2008).

Aqueous Extracts from Peppermint, Sage and Lemon Balm Leaves display Potent Anti-HIV-1 Activity by increasing the Virion Density - Silvia Geuenich, Christine Goffinet, Stephanie Venzke, Silke Nolkemper, Ingo Baumann, Peter Plinkert, Jürgen Reichling & Oliver T. Keppler - Retrovirology (20 Mar. 2008):

“Aqueous extracts from Lamiaceae can drastically and rapidly reduce the infectivity of HIV-1 virions at non-cytotoxic concentrations. An extract-induced enhancement of the virion's density prior to its surface engagement appears to be the most likely mode of action. By harbouring also a strong activity against herpes simplex virus type 2, these extracts may provide a basis for the development of novel virucidal topical microbicides.” [Lemon Balm exhibits an ability to inhibit virion-fusion and viral replication in this study.]

Melissa Officinalis Oil affects Infectivity of Enveloped Herpes Viruses - P. Schnitzler, A. Schuhmacher, A. Astani & J. Reichling - Phytomedicine: International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology (1 Sep. 2008).

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Earlier Scientific Evidence re: Lemon Balm

Anti-Viral / Immune Supportive Research (2009-2020)

Note on Pharmacological Activities of Melissa Officinalis L. - G. Parameswari, S. Meenatchisundaram, T. Subbraj, T. Suganya & A. Michael - Ethnobotanical Leaflets (30 Jan. 2009).

Effect of Lemon Balm (Melissa Officinalis) Aqueous Extract on Performance and Immune Responses of Broilers - Mehrdad Mohammadi - Journal of Animal Production [Journal of Agriculture] (Sep. 2015).

Antiviral Activity of the Oseltamivir and Melissa Officinalis L. Essential Oil against Avian Influenza A Virus (H9N2) - Gholamhosein Pourghanbari, Hasan Nili, Afagh Moattari, Ali Mohammadi & Aida Iraji - Virusdisease (21 May 2016):

“Lemon balm derivatives are going to acquire a novelty as natural and potent remedy for treatment of viral infections since the influenza viruses are developing resistance to the current antivirals widely. [...] In conclusion, the findings of the study showed that lemon balm essential oil could inhibit influenza virus replication through different replication cycle steps especially throughout the direct interaction with the virus particles.”

Anti-Enterovirus 71 Activities of Melissa Officinalis Extract and its Biologically Active Constituent Rosmarinic Acid - Sin-Guang Chen, Yann-Lii Leu, Mei-Ling Cheng, Siew Chin Ting, Ching-Chuan Liu, Shulhn-Der Wang, Cheng-Hung Yang, Cheng-Yu Hung, Hiroaki Sakurai, Kuan-Hsing Chen & Hung-Yao Ho - Scientific Reports (25 Sep. 2017):

“Melissa officinalis (MO) is a medicinal plant with long history of usage in the European and Middle East. We investigated whether an aqueous solution of concentrated methanolic extract (MOM) possesses antiviral activity. MOM inhibited plaque formation, cytopathic effect, and viral protein synthesis in EV71-infected cells. Using spectral techniques, we identified rosmarinic acid (RA) as a biologically active constituent of MOM. RA reduced viral attachment and entry; cleavage of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 G (eIF4G); reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation; and translocation of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 (hnRNP A1) from nucleus to cytoplasm. [...] These findings suggest that MO and its constituent RA possess anti-EV71 activities, and may serve as a candidate drug for therapeutic and prophylactic uses against EV71 infection.”

Melissa Officinalis L: A Review Study With an Antioxidant Prospective - Sepide Miraj, Rafieian-Kopaei & Sara Kiani - Journal of Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine (Jul. 2017).

In Vitro Antiviral Activity of Fifteen Plant Extracts against Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus - Raimundas Lelešius, Agneta Karpovaitė, Rūta Mickienė, Tomas Drevinskas, Nicola Tiso, Ona Ragažinskienė, Loreta Kubilienė, Audrius Maruška & Algirdas Šalomskas - BMC Veterinary Research (29 May 2019) [Lemon Balm was one of the plant extracts that showed viral inhibition prior to and during infection.]

Effect of Lemon Balm (Melissa Officinalis) Extract on Growth Performance, Digestive and Antioxidant Enzyme Activities, and Immune Responses in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss) - Soner Bilen, Tarek Abdalsalam Salem Altief, Keriman Yürüten Özdemir, Mohamed Omar Abdalla Salem, Ertugrul Terzi & Kerim Güney - Fish Physiology and Biochemistry (29 Nov. 2019):

“Current results suggest that lemon balm extract stimulates growth promoting antioxidant and immune responses in rainbow trout.”

Antiviral Effects of Plant-Derived Essential Oils and Their Components: An Updated Review - Li Ma & Lei Yao - Molecules (5 Jun. 2020).

Essential Oils as Antiviral Agents, Potential of Essential Oils to Treat SARS-CoV-2 Infection: An In-Silico Investigation - Joyce Kelly, R. da Silva, Pablo Luis Baia Figueiredo, Kendall G. Byler & William N. Setzer - International Journal of Molecular Sciences (12 May 2020) [Essential Oil of Melissa Officinalis is among those tested - exhibiting some inhibition of human Influenza A virus at a low concentration.]

Bibliographic Research Information provided courtesy of The Academy of the Third Millennium (A3M) 2020