Ingredient #36 + Research

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INCLUDING NEW RESEARCH INTO CORONAVIRUS SARS-COV-2

Scientific Evidence: Ingredient #36 - ANDROGRAPHOLIDE

SARS-CoV-2 / COVID-19 Research results

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Andrographolide as a Potential Inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease: An In Silico Approach - Sukanth Kumar Enmozhi, Kavitha Raja, Irudhayasamy Sebastine & Jerrine Joseph - Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics (5 May 2020):

“This paper evaluates the compound Andrographolide from Andrographis paniculata as a potential inhibitor of the main protease of SARS-COV-2 (Mpro) through in silico studies such as molecular docking, target analysis, toxicity prediction and ADME prediction. Andrographolide was docked successfully in the binding site of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro. Computational approaches also predicts this molecule to have good solubility, pharmacodynamics property and target accuracy. This molecule also obeys Lipinski’s rule, which makes it a promising compound to pursue further biochemical and cell based assays to explore its potential for use against COVID-19. ”

Computational Investigation on Andrographis Paniculata Phytochemicals to Evaluate their Potency against SARS-CoV-2 in Comparison to Known Antiviral Compounds in Drug Trials - Natarajan Arul Murugan, Chitra Jeyaraj Pandian & Jeyaraman Jeyakanthan - Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics (16 Jun. 2020):

“In this way, the phytochemicals from A. paniculata were shown to have potency against the Covid-19 and we have evidenced its microscopic mechanism through rational computational modeling. Among the four phytochemicals, AGP3 has shown promising binding affinity towards all the four targets namely, 3CLpro, PLpro, RdRp and spike protein with precise binding to the catalytic site required for inhibiting the targets in a therapeutic way.”

The Role of Andrographolide and its Derivative in COVID-19 associated Proteins and Immune System - Yadu Nandan Dey, Pukar Khanal, B.M. Patil, Manish M. Wanjari, Bhavana Srivastava, Shailendra S. Gurav & Sudesh N. Gaidhani - Immunology Infectious Diseases (18 Jun. 2020):

“The study suggests the strong interaction of the andrographolide and its derivative 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide against target proteins associated with COVID- 19. Further, network pharmacology analysis elucidated the different pathways of immunomodulation. However, clinical research should be conducted to confirm the current findings.”

Active Compounds Activity from the Medicinal Plants Against SARS-CoV-2 using In Silico Assay - Ni Putu Linda Laksmiani, Luh Putu Febryana Larasanty, Anak Agung Gde Jaya Santika, Putu Agus Andika Prayoga, Anak Agung Intan Kharisma Dewi & Ni Putu Ayu Kristiara Dewi - Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal (22 Jun. 2020):

“The objective of this research is to determine the inhibitory ability of several active compounds from natural sources against COVID-19 target protein in silico using molecular docking. In silico research was conducted using autodock 4.2 program by evaluating the binding energy between the active compound with ACE2, TMPRSS2, RdRp, 3CLpro and PLpro as the target proteins. All chemical compounds that evaluated such as asiatic acid, andrographolide, apigenin, brazilein, brazilin, catechin, curcumin, gingerol, hesperidin, hesperetin, kaemferol, luteolin, myricetin, naringenin and quercetin had an affinity to target protein. It reflects that active compounds in medicinal plants can be used as antiviral against COVID-19.”

The Antiviral and Coronavirus-Host Protein Pathways inhibiting Properties of Herbs and Natural Compounds - Additional Weapons in the Fight against the COVID-19 Pandemic? - Andréa D. Fuzimoto & Ciro Isidoro - Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine (Jul. 2020):

“The herbs-natural compounds with antiviral activity and that caused inhibition/blockade of the CoV-host protein pathways are potential therapeutic candidates. The homology between the SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 is around 80%. Thus, effective herbs-compounds for the former would likely be beneficial for the latter also depending on target protein similarities between the viruses. Here we provide the mechanistic bases supporting an integrative approach that includes natural compounds to fight coronavirus infections.”

Plants Metabolites: Possibility of Natural Therapeutics Against the COVID-19 Pandemic - Farhana Rumzum Bhuiyan, Sabbir Howlader, Topu Raihan & Mahmudul Hasan - Frontiers in Medicine (7 Aug. 2020) [Andrographolide is included in this Review]:

“Our investigation revealed that the proposed plant metabolites can serve as potential anti-SARS-CoV-2 lead molecules for further optimization and drug development processes to combat COVID-19 and future pandemics caused by viruses. This review will stimulate further analysis by the scientific community and boost antiviral plant-based research followed by novel drug designing.”

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Earlier Scientific Evidence re: Andrographolide

Anti-Viral / Immune Supportive Research

Immunostimulant Agents from Andrographis Paniculata - Anju Puri, Ragini Saxena, R.P. Saxena, K.C. Saxena, Vandita Srivastava & J.S. Tandon - Journal of Natural Products (1 Jul. 1993).

Antiviral properties of Ent-Labdene Diterpenes of Andrographis Paniculata Nees, Inhibitors of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 - C. Wiart, K. Kumar, M.Y. Yusof, H. Hamimah, Z.M. Fauzi & M. Sulaiman - Phytotherapy Research (22 Dec. 2005).

Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and Clinical Use of Andrographis Paniculata - R. Perumal Samy, M.M. Thwin & P. Gopalakrishnakone - Natural Product Communications (2 Feb. 2007).

Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology of Andrographis Paniculata and Its Major Bioactive Phytoconstituent Andrographolide - Thanasekaran Jayakumar, Cheng-Ying Hsieh, Jie-Jen Lee & Joen-Rong Sheu - Evidence Based and Complementary Alternative Medicine (24 Mar 2013).

Harnessing the Medicinal Properties of Andrographis Paniculata for Diseases and Beyond: a Review of its Phytochemistry and Pharmacology - Agbonlahor Okhuarobo, Joyce Ehizogie Falodun, Osayemwenre Erharuyi, Vincent Imieje, Abiodun Falodun & Peter Langer - Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Diseases (Jun. 2014).

Antiviral and Immunostimulant Activities of Andrographis Paniculata - Churiyah, Olivia Bunga Pongtuluran, Elrade Rofaani & Tarwadi Tarwadi - HAYATI Journal of Biosciences (Apr. 2015).

Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Properties of Andrographolide - S. Gupta, K.P. Mishra & L. Ganju - Archives of Virology (28 Nov. 2016):

“Apart from its anti-inflammatory effects, andrographolide also exhibits immunomodulatory effects by effectively enhancing cytotoxic T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, phagocytosis, and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). All these properties of andrographolide form the foundation for the use of this miraculous compound to restrain virus replication and virus-induced pathogenesis. The present article covers antiviral properties of andrographolide in variety of viral infections, with the hope of developing of a new highly potent antiviral drug with multiple effects.” [Though this comment could apply just as much to traditional or dietary use]

Activity of Andrographolide against Dengue Virus - Patcharee Panraksa, Suwipa Ramphan, Sarawut Khongwichit & Duncan R. Smith - Antiviral Research (26 Dec. 2016):

“The antiviral activity of andrographolide against dengue virus (DENV) serotype 2 was evaluated in two cell lines (HepG2 and HeLa) while the activity against DENV 4 was evaluated in one cell line (HepG2). Results showed that andrographolide had significant anti-DENV activity in both cell lines, reducing both the levels of cellular infection and virus output, with 50% effective concentrations (EC50) for DENV 2 of 21.304 μM and 22.739 μM for HepG2 and HeLa respectively. Time of addition studies showed that the activity of andrographolide was confined to a post-infection stage. These results suggest that andrographolide has the potential for further development as an anti-viral agent for dengue virus infection.”

Andrographis Paniculata (Chuān Xīn Lián) for Symptomatic Relief of Acute Respiratory Tract Infections in Adults and Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis - Xiao-Yang Hu, Ruo-Han Wu, Martin Logue, Clara Blondel, Lily Yuen Wan Lai, Beth Stuart, Andrew Flower, Yu-Tong Fei, Michael Moore, Jonathan Shepherd, Jian-Ping Liu & George Lewith - PLoS One (4 Aug. 2017):

“A. Paniculata (alone or plus usual care) has a statistically significant effect in improving overall symptoms of ARTIs when compared to placebo, usual care, and other herbal therapies. Evidence also suggested that A. Paniculata (alone or plus usual care) shortened the duration of cough, sore throat and sick leave/time to resolution when compared versus usual care. No major AEs were reported and minor AEs were mainly gastrointestinal.” [However, there was an indication that: “The methodological quality of included trials was overall poor”, therefore far more systematic research is still required.]

Andrographis Paniculata can Modulate the Ratio of Treg to Th17 Cells in Atherosclerotic Rats - Adi Pramono Hendrata , Kusworini Handono, Handono Kalim & Loeki Enggar Fitri - Clinical Nutrition Experimental (23 May 2018).

Pharmacological and Clinical Effects of Andrographis Paniculata - Priyanka Gaur, Supriya Sharma, Sarika Pandey, Sandeep Bhattacharya & Surya Kant - International Journal of Life Sciences Scientific Research (21 Jun. 2018).

Antiviral Activity of Andrographolide against Ebola Virus, Dengue Fever and SARS Coronavirus - Maurice M. Iwu, Christopher O. Okunji, Michel Tchimene & Elijah Sokomba - Pharmacokinetics (30 Apr. 2020):

“Andrographolide showed in vitro inhibition of the growth of Ebola virus (Zaire) with EC50 activity of 10 µM which is twenty-five-fold the activity of the control Favipiravir (EC50 = 250µM) in the Crystal violet (Plaque reduction/ Neutral red (Toxicity) assay. It also showed significant activity against Dengue fever virus with EC50 value of 0.56 µg/ml in the Visual (Cytopathic effect/ Toxicity) Assay and EC50 of 0.58 µg/ml in the Neutral Red (Cytopathic effect/ Toxicity) Assay (comparable to the values obtained with 6-Azauridine as the positive control EC50 = 0.32 µg/ml and 0.38 µg/ml in the respective bioassays; and against SARS Coronavirus. [...] The compound has a good pharmacokinetics profile and relatively non-toxic even at high doses making it an experimental drug for the treatment of viral infections, with possible application in the control of the Novel Coronavirus, Covid–19.”

Bibliographic Research Information provided courtesy of The Academy of the Third Millennium (A3M) 2020