Ingredient #34 + Research

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INCLUDING NEW RESEARCH INTO CORONAVIRUS SARS-COV-2

Scientific Evidence: Ingredient #34 - GINSENG

SARS-CoV-2 / COVID-19 Research results

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Potential Interventions for Novel Coronavirus in China: A Systematic Review - Lei Zhang & Yunhui Liu - Journal of Medical Virology (13 Feb. 2020):

“Ginseng stem leaf saponins could highly enhance the specific‐antibody responses for Newcastle disease virus and infectious bronchitis virus. Therefore, Chinese Medicine could also be considered as a choice to enhance host immunity against the infection of COVID‐19. ”

Sars-Cov-2 Host Entry and Replication Inhibitors from Indian Ginseng: An In-Silico Approach - Rupesh V. Chikhale, Shailendra S. Gurav, Rajesh B. Patil, Saurabh K. Sinha, Satyendra K. Prasad, Anshul Shakya, Sushant K. Shrivastava, Nilambari S. Gurav & Rupali S. Prasad - Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics (22 Jun. 2020):

“Based on proven therapeutic, that is, immunomodulatory, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory roles and plausible potential against n-CoV-2 proteins, Indian ginseng could be one of the alternatives as an antiviral agent in the treatment of COVID 19. [...] The present study could be the starting point for the future ligands from natural sources in 2019-nCoV spike glycoprotein and NSP15 endoribonuclease.”

Traditional Chinese Medicine in the Treatment of Patients Infected with 2019-New Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): A Review and Perspective - Yang Yang, Md Sahidul Islam, Jin Wang, Yuan Li & Xin Chen - International Journal of Biological Sciences ( 2020) [Ginseng is included in this Review]:

“Experiment study may be able to elucidate the mechanism underlying the therapeutic effect of TCM in the treatment of COVID-19. The further study of TCM may lead to the identification of novel anti human coronavirus compounds that may eventually prove to be useful in the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 or other emerging fatal viral diseases as conventional therapeutic agents.”

Shenhuang Granule in the Treatment of Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Study Protocol for an Open-Label Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial - Bangjiang Fang, Wen Zhang, Xinxin Wu, Tingrong Huang, Huacheng Li, You Zheng, Jinhua Che, Shuting Sun, Chao Jiang, Shuang Zhou & Jun Feng - Trials (24 Jun. 2020) [Panax Ginseng is one of six ingredients of the granule in this trial]:

“Ginseng has the functions to strongly tonify the Qi, nourishing lungs and spleen, promoting the secretion of saliva and quenching thirst, strengthening the heart, and calming the mind. Several studies recently report that ginseng can directly kill bacteria and regulate bacterial adhesion, inflammation, cytotoxicity, and hemagglutination. Wang et al. report that ginseng extracts can inhibit different strains of influenza viruses.”

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Earlier Scientific Evidence re: Ginseng

Anti-Viral / Immune Supportive Research

Immune System Effects of Echinacea, Ginseng, and Astragalus: A Review - K.I. Block & M.N. Mead - Integrative Cancer Therapies (Sep. 2003):

“Ginseng has been studied in some depth as an antifatigue agent, but studies of immune mechanisms have not proceeded so far. Preclinical evidence shows some immune-stimulating activity. There have been several clinical trials in a variety of different diseases.”

Beneficial Effects of a Combination of Korean Red Ginseng and Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected Patients - Heungsup Sung, You-Sun Jung & Young-Keol Cho - Clinical and Vaccine Immunology (17 Jun. 2009).

Antiviral Effect of Korean Red Ginseng Extract and Ginsenosides on Murine Norovirus and Feline Calicivirus as Surrogates for Human Norovirus - Min Hwa Lee, Bog-Hieu Lee, Ji-Youn Jung, Doo-Sung Cheon, Kyung-Tack Kim & Changsun Choi - Journal of Ginseng Research (Nov. 2011):

“In conclusion, we found that pre-treatment with KRG [Korean Red Ginseng], and ginsenoside Rg1 and Rb1 significantly inhibits FCV [Feline Calicivirus ] and MNV [Murine Norovirus] dose-dependently. Although we did not investigate the antiviral mechanisms of KRG or ginsenosides, the reduced infec-tivities of the NoV surrogates are thought to be due to the inhibition of adhesion to cell receptors or the formation of anti-viral environments. Interestingly, co-treatment or post-treatment with KRG and the ginsenosides Rg1 and Rb1 were not effective at inhibiting FCV and MNV infectivity in the in vitro models.”

Ginseng, the 'Immunity Boost': The Effects of Panax Ginseng on Immune System - Soowon Kang & Hyeyoung Min - Journal of Ginseng Research (Oct. 2012).

Antiviral Activity of Ginseng Extract against Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection - Jong Seok Lee, Eun-Ju Ko, Hye Suk Hwang, Yu-Na Lee, Young-Man Kwon, Min-Chul Kim & Sang-Moo Kang - International Journal of Molecular Medicine (22 Apr. 2014):

“KRGE [Korean Red Ginseng Extract] improved the survival of human lung epithelial cells against RSV infection and inhibited RSV replication. In addition, KRGE treatment suppressed the expression of RSV-induced inflammatory cytokine genes (IL-6 and IL-8) and the formation of reactive oxygen species in epithelial cell cultures. Oral administration of mice with KRGE resulted in lowering lung viral loads after RSV infection. Additionally, the in vivo effects of KRGE showed an enhanced level of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) producing dendritic cells subsequent to RSV infection. Taken together, these results suggested that KRGE has antiviral activity against RSV infection.”

Ginseng, the Natural Effectual Antiviral: Protective Effects of Korean Red Ginseng against Viral Infection - Kyungtaek Im, Jisu Kim & Hyeyoung Min - Journal of Ginseng Research (16 Sep. 2015).

Effects of Complementary Combination Therapy of Korean Red Ginseng and Antiviral Agents in Chronic Hepatitis B - S.H. Choi, K.J. Yang & D.S. Lee - Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (30 Apr. 2017).

Antiviral Activity of Fermented Ginseng Extracts against a Broad Range of Influenza Viruses - Ye Wang, Yu-Jin Jung, Ki-Hye Kim, Young-Man Kwon, Yu-Jin Kim, Zhan Zhang, Heun-Soo Kang, Bao-Zhong Wang, Fu-Shi Quan & Sang-Moo Kang - Viruses (1 Sep. 2018):

“Antiviral protection by fermented ginseng extract was observed in different genetic backgrounds of mice and in the deficient conditions of key adaptive immune components (CD4, CD8, B cell, MHCII). [...] In vitro cell culture experiments showed moderate virus neutralizing activity by fermented ginseng extract, probably by inhibiting hemagglutination and neuraminidase activity. This study suggests that fermented ginseng extracts might provide a means to treat influenza disease regardless of virus strains.”

Ginseng: A Dietary Supplement as Immune-Modulator in Various Diseases - Muhammad Riaz, Najm Ur Rahman, Muhammad Zia-Ul-Haq, Hawa Z.E. Jaffar & Rosana Manea - Trends in Food Science & Technology (Jan. 2019).

Bibliographic Research Information provided courtesy of The Academy of the Third Millennium (A3M) 2020