Ingredient #32 + Research

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INCLUDING NEW RESEARCH INTO CORONAVIRUS SARS-COV-2

Scientific Evidence: Ingredient #32 - BASIL & HOLY BASIL

Significant Research results (2007-2014)

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Antiviral Activities of Extracts and Selected Pure Constituents of Ocimum Basilicum - L.G. Chiang, L.T. Ng, P.W. Cheng, W. Chiang & C.C. Lin - Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology (Oct. 2005):

“Ocimum basilicum (OB), also known as sweet basil, is a well known medicinal herb in traditional Chinese medicine preparations. In the present study, extracts and purified components of OB were used to identify possible antiviral activities against DNA viruses (herpes viruses (HSV), adenoviruses (ADV) and hepatitis B virus) and RNA viruses (coxsackievirus B1 (CVB1) and enterovirus 71 (EV71)). [...] The results show that crude aqueous and ethanolic extracts of OB and selected purified components, namely apigenin [qv.], linalool and ursolic acid, exhibit a broad spectrum of antiviral activity.”

Chemical Compositions, Antiviral and Antioxidant Activities of Seven Essential Oils - Ramy M. Romeilah, Sayed A. Fayed & Ghada I. Mahmoud - Journal of Applied Sciences Research (2010).

Preliminary Immunomodulatory Activity of Aqueous and Ethanolic Leaves Extracts of Ocimum Basilicum Linn. in Mice - Neelam L. Dashputre & Nilofer S. Naikwade - International Journal of PharmTech Research (Apr-Jun. 2010):

“The study demonstrates that OB triggers both specific and non-specific responses to a greater extent. The study comprised the acute toxicity and preliminary phytochemical screening of OB. From the results obtained and phytochemical studies the immunostimulant effect of OB could be attributed to the flavonoid content.”

Immunomodulatory Effects of Aqueous Extract of Ocimum Basilicum (Linn.) and some of its Constituents on Human Immune Cells - Kuen-Daw Tsai, B.R. Lin, D.S. Perng & James Cheng-Chung Wei - Journal of Medicinal Plant Research (May 2011):

“Ocimum basilicum Linn. (OB) is an edible plant with high concentrations of caffeic (CA) and p-coumaric acid (pCA). In this study, the authors evaluated the immunomodulatory activities of aqueous extract of OB, CA and pCA on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) by lymphoproliferation test, and defined the responding cells by flow cytometry, secretion of various cytokines by ELISA, and expression of mRNA by quantitative Real Time-PCR (qPCR) methods. [...] These data convincingly demonstrate that OB possesses direct immunomodulatory effect on basic functional properties of human immune cells, possibly mediated by the ERK2 MAP-kinase signal pathway. Thus, aqueous extract of OB can be considered as a powerful natural immunomodulatory spice influencing various types of immune-responses and may have potential health effects.”

An Extensive Survey of the Phytochemistry and Therapeutic Potency of Ocimum Sanctum (Queen of Herbs) - S.K. Bariyah - Pakistani Journal of Chemistry (2013).

In Vitro Inhibition of the Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus by the Essential Oil of Ocimum Basilicum (Basil) and Monoterpenes - Sydney Hartz Alves & Rudi Weiblen - Brazilian Journal of Microbiology (Apr. 2014) [Monoterpenes prove to be more effective than Essential Oil of Ocimum Basilicum in this study.]

Immunomodulatory Activity of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Ocimum Basilicum Linn. in Clarias Batrachus - Gayatri Nahak & Rajani Kanta Sahu - International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences (31 May 2014).

Tulsi - Ocimum Sanctum: A Herb for all Reasons - Marc Maurice Cohen - Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine (Oct-Dec. 2014).

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To learn more about Ingredient #32 (Basil & Holy Basil) - and the 51 other dietary ingredients identified as exhibiting anti-viral and/or immune-enhancing properties - obtain a copy of the full report of AVD: The Anti-Viral Diet by pressing the button below:

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Earlier Scientific Evidence re: Basil & Holy Basil

Further Research (2015-2020)

Comparative Study of Immunomodulatory Activity of Ocimum Species in Mice - R. Caroline Jeba & G. Rameshkumar - International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (2017).

The Clinical Efficacy and Safety of Tulsi in Humans: A Systematic Review of the Literature - Negar Jamshidi & Marc M. Cohen - Evidence Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine (16 Mar. 2017):

“Despite the lack of large-scale or long term clinical trials on the effect of tulsi in humans, the findings from 24 human studies published to date suggest that the tulsi is a safe herbal intervention that may assist in normalising glucose, blood pressure and lipid profiles, and dealing with psychological and immunological stress. Furthermore, these studies indicate the daily addition of tulsi to the diet and/or as adjunct to drug therapy can potentially assist in prevention or reduction of various health conditions and warrants further clinical evaluation.”

The Clinical Efficacy and Safety of Tulsi in Humans: A Systematic Review of the Literature - Negar Jamshidi & Marc M. Cohen - Evidence Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine (16 Mar. 2017):

“Many in vitro, animal and human studies attest to tulsi having multiple therapeutic actions including adaptogenic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, and immuno-modulatory effects, yet to date there are no systematic reviews of human research on tulsi's clinical efficacy and safety. We conducted a comprehensive literature review of human studies that reported on a clinical outcome after ingestion of tulsi.”

Pharmacological Evaluation of Ocimum Sanctum - Bano N., Ahmed A., Tanveer M., Khan G.M. & Ansari M.T. - Journal of Bioequivalence & Bioavailability (2017):

“Scientifically, it has been proven that O. Sanctum possesses anticancer, anti-diabetic, anti-fertility, antifungal, antimicrobial, cardio protective, analgesic, antispasmodic and adaptogenic, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antiallergic, antipyretic, antiviral, antiulcer, anti-inflammatory, CNS depressant and anti-arthritis activities.”

Effect of Basil Oil (Ocimum Basilicum) on Nonspecific Immune Response of Nile-Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus) - Ahmed El-Ashram, Abeer Afifi & Saleh Sakr - Egyptian Journal for Aquaculture (Jun. 2017).

Basil: A Brief Summary of Potential Health Benefits - Keith Singletary - Nutrition Today (Mar. 2018).

Evaluation of Antiviral Activity of Ocimum Sanctum and Acacia Arabica Leaves Extracts against H9N2 Virus using Embryonated Chicken Egg Model - S.S. Ghoke, R. Sood , N. Kumar, A.K. Pateriya, S. Bhatia, A. Mishra, R. Dixit, V.K. Singh, D.N. Desai, D.D. Kulkarni, U. Dimri & V.P. Singh - BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine (5 Jun. 2018):

“The crude extract and terpenoid isolated from the leaves of O. sanctum [Basil] and polyphenol from A. arabica has shown promising antiviral properties against H9N2 virus. Future investigations are necessary to formulate combinations of these compounds for the broader antiviral activity against H9N2 viruses and evaluate them in chickens.”

The Potential Effects of Ocimum Basilicum on Health: A Review of Pharmacological and Toxicological Studies - Piero Sestili, Tariq Ismail, Cinzia Calcabrini, Michele Guescini, Elena Catanzaro, Eleonora Turrini, Anam Layla, Saeed Akhtar & Carmela Fimognari - Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology (11 Jun 2018).

Immunomodulatory and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Hydro-Ethanolic Extract of Ocimum Basilicum Leaves and its Effect on Lung Pathological Changes in an Ovalbumin-induced Rat Model of Asthma - Naima Eftekhar, Ali Moghimi, Nema Mohammadian Roshan, Saeideh Saadat & Mohammad Hossein - BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine (4 Dec. 2019).

Essential Oils as Antimicrobial Agents—Myth or Real Alternative? - Katarzyna Wińska, Wanda Mączka, Jacek Łyczko, Małgorzata Grabarczyk, Anna Czubaszek & Antoni Szumny - Molecules (5 Jun. 2019).

Bibliographic Research Information provided courtesy of The Academy of the Third Millennium (A3M) 2020