Ingredient #30 + Research

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INCLUDING NEW RESEARCH INTO CORONAVIRUS SARS-COV-2

Scientific Evidence: Ingredient #30 - OREGANO & SAGE

Significant Research results (2008-2013)

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Evaluation of Antiviral Activity of Fractionated Extracts of Sage Salvia Officinalis L. (Lamiaceae) - Dragana Šmidling, Dragana Mitić-Ćulafić, Branka Vuković-Gačić & Draga Simić - Archives of Biological Sciences (Jan. 2008):

“The fraction of distilled cultivated sage obtained at CO2 pressure of 300 bars and temperature of 60 deg C (149/3) was the most cytotoxic, with CTD10 (10% cytotoxic concentration) 44 microgram/ml. That of non-distilled cultivated sage obtained at CO2 pressure of 500 bars and temperature of 100 deg C (144/5) was the least toxic (CTD10 199 microgram/ml). Moreover, 144/5 had an antiviral effect at the intracellular level: when added 5 hours before VSV (vesicular stomatitis virus) infection, it caused 100% reduction of CPE (cytopathic effect) at concentrations of 99.5 and 199.0 microgram/ml; when added after virus penetration had occurred, the same concentrations caused 35 and 60% reduction, respectively. The obtained results indicated that antiviral activity of 144/5 involves inhibition of the early steps of the virus infective cycle without a direct virucidal effect. [...] From our results with sage it is clear that cultivated sage, especially fraction 144/5, deserves further investigation to evaluate its antiviral potential and active principals against different viruses.”

Aqueous Extracts from Peppermint, Sage and Lemon Balm Leaves display Potent Anti-HIV-1 Activity by increasing the Virion Density - Silvia Geuenich, Christine Goffinet, Stephanie Venzke, Silke Nolkemper, Ingo Baumann, Peter Plinkert, Jürgen Reichling & Oliver T. Keppler - Retrovirology (20 Mar. 2008):

“Mechanistically, extract exposure of free virions potently and rapidly inhibited infection, while exposure of surface-bound virions or target cells alone had virtually no antiviral effect. In line with this observation, a virion-fusion assay demonstrated that HIV-1 entry was drastically impaired following treatment of particles with Lamiaceae extracts, and the magnitude of this effect at the early stage of infection correlated with the inhibitory potency on HIV-1 replication. Extracts were active against virions carrying diverse envelopes (X4 and R5 HIV-1, vesicular stomatitis virus, ecotropic murine leukemia virus).”

Dietary Supplementation with two Lamiaceae Herbs (Oregano and Sage) modulates Innate Immunity Parameters in Lumbricus Terrestris - D.A. Vattem, C.E. Lester, R.C. DeLeon, B.Y. Jamison & V. Maitin - Pharmacognosy Research (Jan-Mar. 2013):

“Significant increase in nitric oxide-mediated immune-competent cell counts, viability, and differentiation into neutrophil-like cells were observed in response to dietary supplementation with Lamiaceae herbs. Significantly higher phagocytic activity relative to control was also noted in response to dietary intake of oregano and sage. However, the respiratory burst index did not increase exponentially in response to herb treatments, suggesting a potential enhancement in pathogen recognition and antioxidant defenses. Lamiaceae herbs may have potential immune-modulatory properties important for human health and merits further investigation.”

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Earlier Scientific Evidence re: Oregano & Sage

Anti-Viral / Immune Supportive Research

Antiviral Properties of Supercritical CO2 Extracts from Oregano and Sage - S. Santoyo, L. Jaime, M.R. García-Risco, A. Ruiz-Rodríguez & G. Reglero - International Journal of Food Properties (14 Jan 2014):

“Supercritical extracts from edible herbs like oregano and sage presented important antiviral activities against herpes simplex type 1, overall extracts obtained in separator 1. These extracts mainly inhibit HSV-1 intracellular replication, although they were also able to disrupt the virus attachment step. Carvacrol and thymol could be pointed out as the compounds responsible for the antiviral activity found in oregano.”

Antiviral Efficacy and Mechanisms of Action of Oregano Essential Oil and its Primary Component Carvacrol against Murine Norovirus - D.H. Gilling, M. Kitajima, J.R. Torrey & K.R. Bright - Journal of Applied Microbiology (12 Feb 2014):

“Our results demonstrate that carvacrol [one of the active ingredients of Oregano] is effective in inactivating MNV within 1 h of exposure by acting directly on the viral capsid and subsequently the RNA. [...] This study provides novel findings on the antiviral properties of oregano oil and carvacrol against MNV and demonstrates the potential of carvacrol as a natural food and surface (fomite) sanitizer to control human norovirus.”

Chemistry, Pharmacology and Medicinal Property of Sage (Salvia) to Prevent and Cure Illnesses such as Obesity, Diabetes, Depression, Dementia, Lupus, Autism, Heart Disease, and Cancer - Mohsen Hamidpour, Rafie Hamidpour, Soheila Hamidpour & Mina Shahlari - Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine (Apr-Jun. 2014)

Pharmacological Properties of Salvia Officinalis and its Components - Ahmad Ghorbani & Mahdi Esmaeilizadeh - Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine (13 Jan. 2017).

The Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Effects of Salvia Officinalis on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation in Rats - Umut Kerem Kolac, Mehmet Cengiz Ustuner, Neslihan Tekin, Derya Ustuner, Emine Colak & Emre Entok - Journal of Medicinal Food (1 Dec. 2017).

Effect of Sage (Salvia Officinalis L.) Aqueous Leaf Extract on Performance, Blood Constituents, Immunity Response and Ileal Microflora of Broiler Chickens - Behrouz Rasouli, Sajjad Movahhedkhah, Alireza Seidavi, Quazi M. Imranul Haq, Isam Kadim, Vito Laudadio, Domenico Mazzei & Vincenzo Tufarelli - Agroforestry Systems (24 May 2019):

“A significant (P < 0.05) enhancement of the immunity res-ponse of broilers was observed when the dietary concentration of sage extract increased. Further, a significant (P < 0.05) bactericidal effect of sage extract was detected for Escherichia coli, whereas it was moderate for Lactobacillus. In conclusion, the positive effects sage extract on broilers immunity parameters and antibacterial activity were found to be strictly related with the dietary inclusion level.”

Dietary Oregano Essential Oil improved the Immune Response, Activity of Digestive Enzymes, and Intestinal Microbiota of the Koi Carp, Cyprinus Carpio - R. Zhanga, X.W. Wanga, L.L. Liua, Y.C. Caob & H. Zhua - Aquaculture (15 Mar. 2020):

“The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of dietary oregano essential oil (OEO) on the non-specific immunity and intestinal bacterial community of Cyprinus Carpio (C. Carpio). [...] Thus, in C. Carpio, dietary OEO increased digestive enzyme activity and antioxidant capability, stimulated immunomodulatory effects, and enhanced disease resistance. These beneficial effects were probably due to OEO-mediated alternations in the structure of the C. Carpio gut microbiota.”

The Growth-Promoting and Immunomodulatory Effects of a Medicinal Plant Leaf Extract obtained from Salvia Officinalis and Lippia Citriodora in Gilthead Seabream (Sparus Aurata) - Ricardo Salomón, Joana P. Firmino, Felipe E. Reyes-López, Karl B. Andree, Daniel González-Silvera, M. Angeles Esteban, Lluis Tort, José C. Quintela, José M. Pinilla-Rosas, Eva Vallejos-Vidal & Enric Gisbert - Aquaculture (15 Jul. 2020).

Bibliographic Research Information provided courtesy of The Academy of the Third Millennium (A3M) 2020