Ingredient #25 + Research

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INCLUDING NEW RESEARCH INTO CORONAVIRUS SARS-COV-2

Scientific Evidence: Ingredient #25 - GALANGAL

SARS-CoV-2 / COVID-19 Research results

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Revealing the Potency of Citrus and Galangal Constituents to halt SARS-CoV-2 Infection - Rohmad Yudi Utomo, Muthi’ Ikawati & Edy Meiyanto - PrePrints [Basel] / ResearchGate (12 Mar. 2020):

“In general, the results of this study indicate that Citrus sp. exhibit the best potential as an inhibitor to the development of the SARS-CoV-2, followed by Galangal, Sappan wood, and Curcuma sp. that can be consumed in daily life as prophylaxis of COVID-19. ”

Natural Product Compounds in Alpinia Officinarum and Ginger are Potent SARS-CoV-2 Papain-like Protease Inhibitors - Dibakar Goswami, Mukesh Kumar, Sunil K. Ghosh & Amit Das - ChemRxiv (5 Apr. 2020):

“We prepared an in house library of compounds found in rhizomes, Alpinia officinarum, ginger and curcuma, and docked them into the solvent accessible S3-S4 pocket of PLpro. Eight compounds from Alpinia officinarum and ginger bind with high in silico affinity to closed PLpro conformer, and hence are potential SARS-CoV-2 PLpro inhibitors. Our study reveal new lead compounds targeting SARS-CoV-2. Further structure based modifications or extract formulations of these compounds can lead to highly potent inhibitors to treat SARS- CoV-2 infections.”

Galangal, the Multipotent Super Spices: A Comprehensive Review - Gitishree Das, Jayanta Kumar Patra, Sandra Gonçalves, Anabela Romano, Erick P. Gutiérrez-Grijalva, J. Basilio Heredia, Anupam Das Talukdar, Soumitra Shomee & Han-Seung Shin - Trends in Food Science & Technology (Jul. 2020) [Including reference to Galangal & SARS-CoV-2]:

It describes itself as an - “investigation of scientific evidence supporting the vast applications of galangal in food and its medicinal properties, such as antiviral, cardiovascular and neuroprotective properties, together with the preclinical and clinical studies with galangal bioactive compounds.”

Hijacking SARS-Cov-2/ACE2 Receptor Interaction by Natural and Semi-Synthetic Steroidal Agents acting on Functional Pockets on Receptor Binding Region - Adriana Carino, Federica Moraca, Bianca Fiorillo, Silvia Marchianò, Valentina Sepe, Michele Biagioli, Claudia Finamore, Silvia Bozza, Daniela Francisci, Eleonora Distrutti, Bruno Catalanotti, Angela Zampella & Stefano Fiorucci - bioRxiv preprint (11 Jun. 2020) [Relevant to mechanism by which Galangal constituents may disrupt SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding]:

“Our results demonstrate that several potential binding sites exist in the SARS CoV-2 S protein, and that the occupancy of these pockets reduces the ability of the S protein RBD to bind to the ACE2 consensus in vitro. In particular, natural occurring and clinically available steroids as glycyrrhetinic and oleanolic acids, as well as the bile acids derivatives glyco-UDCA and obeticholic acid have been shown to be effective in preventing virus entry in the case of low viral load. All together, these results might help to define novel approaches to reduce the viral load by using SARS-CoV-2 entry inhibitors.”

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To learn more about Ingredient #25 (Galangal) - and the 51 other dietary ingredients identified as exhibiting anti-viral and/or immune-enhancing properties - obtain a copy of the full report of AVD: The Anti-Viral Diet by pressing the button below:

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Earlier Scientific Evidence re: Galangal

Anti-Viral / Immune Supportive Research

Antimicrobial Activity of Greater Galangal [Alpinia galanga (Linn.) Swartz.] Flowers - Wei-Yea Hsu, Amarat Simonne, Alexandra Weissman & Jeong-Mok Kim - Food Science and Biotechnology (31 Aug. 2010).

Antiviral Activities of Diarylheptanoids Isolated from Alpinia Officinarum against Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Poliovirus, Measles Virus, and Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 In Vitro - Katsuhiko Konno, Rie Sawamura, Yi Sun, Ken Yasukawa, Tomomi Shimizu, Wataru Watanabe, Masahiko Kato, Ryuichi Yama-moto & Masahiko Kurokawa - Natural Product Communications (1 Dec. 2011):

“We examined the antiviral activities of nine diarylheptanoids isolated from A. officinarum against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), poliovirus, measles virus, and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) using a plaque reduction assay. The 50% inhibitory concentrations of seven of the nine diarylheptanoids for RSV were moderately but significantly lower than their 50% cytotoxic concentrations, as determined by a trypan blue exclusion assay. Four diarylheptanoids with anti-RSV activity also showed anti-poliovirus and anti-measles virus activities and three of the four exhibited anti-HSV-1 activity. Thus, seven of the nine diarylheptanoids examined exhibited potential antiviral activity against RSV, and most of the diarylheptanoids with anti-RSV activity, including two diarylheptanoids without anti-RSV activity, were effective against polio-virus, measles virus, and/or HSV-1 in vitro. Diarylheptanoids were suggested to have a broad spectrum of antiviral activity.”

Alpinia: The Gold Mine of Future Therapeutics - S. Ghosh & L. Rangan - 3 Biotech (Sep. 2012).

The Pharmacological Activities of Alpinia Galangal: A Review - Ali Esmail Al-Snafi - Pharmacology of Medicinal Plants (Jan. 2014).

Effect of Galangal (Alpinia Galanga Linn.) Extract on the Expression of Immune-related Genes and Vibrio Harveyi Resistance in Pacific White Shrimp (Litopenaeus Vannamei) - Tidaporn Chaweepack, Surachart Chaweepack, Boonyee Muenthaisong, Lila Ruangpan, Kei Nagata & Kaeko Kamei - Aquaculture International (19 Aug. 2014).

Pharmacology of an Endangered Medicinal Plant Alpinia Galanga – A Review - Raviraja Shetty G. & Monisha S. - RJPBCS (Jan-Feb. 2015).

A Review on the Pharmacological Activities and Phytochemicals of Alpinia Officinarum (Galangal) Extracts Derived from Bioassay-Guided Fractionation and Isolation - Aida Maryam Basri, Hussein Taha & Norhayati Ahmad - Pharmacognosy Review (Jan-Jun. 2017).

A Review of the Botany, Phytochemical, and Pharmacological Properties of Galangal - Yan-Qing Zhou, Hui Liu & Qing-Wen Zhang - from Handbook of Food Bioengineering (1 Jan 2018).

A Review on Phytochemical and Pharmacological Potential of Alpinia Galanga - Anirban Chouni & Santanu Paul - Pharmacognosy Journal (Jan-Feb. 2018):

“Different parts of the plant are used in the treatment of many diseases for its anti-fungal, anti-tumour, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, antioxidant, antiulcer and many other properties. [...] This review provides a comprehensive report on Alpinia galanga having anti-proliferative, apoptotic, anti angiogenic as well as cytotoxic efficacy and their mode of action in vitro as well as in vivo condition.”

A Review on Phytopharmacological Activity of Alpinia Galanga - Shimaila Eram, Md. Mujahid, Paramdeep Bagga, Muhammad Arif, Md. Afroz Ahmad, Arun Kumar, Farogh Ahsan & Md. Sohel Akhter - International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences (26 Jan. 2019).

Bibliographic Research Information provided courtesy of The Academy of the Third Millennium (A3M) 2020