Ingredient #12 + Research

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INCLUDING NEW RESEARCH INTO CORONAVIRUS SARS-COV-2

Scientific Evidence: Ingredient #12 - COPPER

SARS-CoV-2 / COVID-19 Research results

FOR SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE UPDATED TO JANUARY 2022, OBTAIN THE FOURTH EDITION OF 'AVD' (2022)

Potential Interventions for Novel Coronavirus in China: A Systematic Review - Lei Zhang & Yunhui Liu - Journal of Medical Virology (13 Feb. 2020):

“We have found that the general treatments are very important to enhance host immune response against RNA viral infection. The immune response has often been shown to be weakened by inadequate nutrition in many model systems as well as in human studies. However, the nutritional status of the host, until recently, has not been considered as a contributing factor to the emergence of viral infectious diseases.”

Resveratrol and Copper for Treatment of Severe COVID-19: An Observational Study (RESCU 002) - Indraneel Mittra, Rosemarie de Souza, Rakesh Bhadade, Tushar Madke, P.D. Shankpal, Mohan Joshi, Burhanuddin Qayyumi, Atanu Bhattacharya, Vikram Gota, Sudeep Gupta, Pankaj Chaturvedi & Rajendra Badwe - medRxiv (29 Jul 2020):

“The results of this retrospective study suggest that treatment with a combination of the nutraceuticals resveratrol and copper administered in minuscule quantities could lead to a nearly 2-fold reduction in mortality in patients suffering from severe COVID-19 and associated ARDS. The mechanism of action of resveratrol-copper in COVID-19 patients is unclear, but could be related to the generation of free radicals which can inactivate or degrade cell-free chromatin released from dying cells and contributing to the sepsis cascade. Not being a randomized clinical trial, results of this study should be considered as hypothesis generating rather than being confirmatory. [...] The nearly two-fold reduction in mortality with resveratrol-copper observed in our study needs to be confirmed in a randomized controlled trial.”

Enhancing Immunity in Viral Infections, with Special Emphasis on COVID-19: A Review - Ranil Jayawardena, Piumika Sooriyaarachchi, Michail Chourdakis, Chandima Jeewandara & Priyanga Ranasinghe - Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome (Jul-Aug. 2020):

“Copper plays a crucial role in immunity by participating in the development and differentiation of immune cells. In-vitro studies have shown that copper demonstrates antiviral properties. For example, thujaplicin-copper chelates inhibit replication of human influenza viruses, while intracellular copper has been shown to regulate the influenza virus life cycle.”

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Earlier Scientific Evidence re: Copper

Anti-Viral / Immune Supportive Research

Copper Deficiency and the Immune System - J.L. Sullivan & H.D. Ochs - The Lancet (23 Sep. 1978).

Effect of Copper on Immune Function and Disease Resistance - Judith Reffett Stabel & Jerry W. Spears - Copper Bioavailability and Metabolism (1989):

“Recent evidence suggests that copper exacts an important role in the maintenance of immunocompetence. Copper deficiency results in decreased humoral and cell-mediated, as well as nonspecific immune function. Impairment of immune function may be highly correlated with an increased incidence of infection and higher mortality rates observed in copper-deficient animals. The actual mechanisms by which copper is involved in immune processes are not well defined. This review addresses the copper-immune function interaction and discusses possible immunomodulatory roles for copper.”

Effects of Copper Deficiency on the Immune System - Joseph R. Prohaska & Omelan A. Lukasewycz - from Antioxidant Nutrients and Immune Functions (1990).

Copper Deficiency alters the Immune Response of Bovine - Silvia Cerone, Aldo Sansinanea & Néstor Auza - Nutrition Research (Sep. 1995).

Copper Deficiency and Immune Response in Ruminants - L. Minatel & J.C. Carfagnini - Nutrition Research (Oct. 2000).

Long-term High Copper Intake: Effects on Indexes of Copper Status, Antioxidant Status, and Immune Function in Young Men - Judith R. Turnlund, Robert A. Jacob, Carl L. Keen, J.J. Strain, Darshan S. Kelley, Joseph M. Domek, William R. Keyes, Jodi L. Ensunsa, Jens Lykkesfeldt & James Coulter - The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (Jun. 2004):

“Effects of high copper intake in this human study are consistent with those of copper deficiency or marginal copper intake. Because IL-2R regulates lymphocyte proliferation, and its concentration decreased with high copper intake, these results imply a reduction in lymphocyte proliferation. This is consistent with the results obtained with administration of high copper to mice and the reduction in lymphocyte proliferation in older mice that naturally acquire high serum copper concentrations. Overall, the results from the present and our previous human study support claims based on animal models that both copper deficiency and excessive intake modulate the immune response.”

The Immune System as a Physiological Indicator of Marginal Copper Status? - Maxine Bonham, Jacqueline M. O'Connor, Bernadette M. Hannigan & J.J. Strain - British Journal of Nutrition (9 Mar. 2007):

“As Cu appears to be essential for maintenance of immune function, activities of specific immunological markers, altered in Cu deficiency, offer alternatives. This review evaluates a selection of immunological markers that could be considered potentially sensitive markers of marginal Cu status. The indices of immune function reviewed are neutrophil function, interleukin 2 production, blastogenic response to mitogens and lymphocyte subset phenotyping.”

Copper at the Front Line of the Host-Pathogen Battle - Richard A. Festa & Dennis J. Thiele - PLoS Pathogens (20 Sep. 2012):

“Copper (Cu) is a transition metal used by life from bacteria to eukaryotes in many cellular processes as a biochemical cofactor and a signaling molecule. However, while Cu plays critical cellular roles, it can be toxic when allowed to accumulate to levels well beyond cellular needs. This razor's edge between the essentiality and toxicity of Cu is emerging as a critical host defense mechanism at the heart of the host-pathogen axis. Accumulating evidence suggests that the innate immune response commandeers the toxic properties of Cu to attack invading infectious organisms, while pathogenic bacteria and fungi have implemented robust mechanisms for Cu resistance. The fact that Cu resistance mechanisms are frequently found among pathogens, and required for virulence, suggests that this is an important aspect of survival in the host.”

Fighting Bacteria with Copper - S.E. Gould - Scientific American (14 Oct. 2012).

On Why Copper is the Immune System’s Deadliest Weapon - Marc Howe - Mining.com (15 Oct. 2012).

The Role of Copper and Zinc Toxicity in Innate Immune Defense against Bacterial Pathogens - Karrera Y. Djoko, Cheryl-lynn Y. Ong, Mark J. Walker & Alastair G. McEwan - The Journal of Biological Chemistry (31 Jul. 2015).

Bibliographic Research Information provided courtesy of The Academy of the Third Millennium (A3M) 2020