Ingredient #11 + Research

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Scientific Evidence: Ingredient #11 - BORON

Significant Research (2003 Onwards)

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Dietary Boron: An Overview of the Evidence for Its Role in Immune Function - Curtiss D. Hunt - The Journal of Trace Elements in Experimental Medicine (22 Oct. 2003):

“This review summarizes the evidence for boron essentiality across the biological spectrum with special focus on biochemical pathways and biomolecules relevant to immune function. Boron is an essential trace element for at least some organisms in each of the phylogenetic kingdoms Eubacteria, Stramenopila (brown algae and diatoms), Viridiplantae (green algae and familiar green plants), Fungi, and Animalia. [...] Boron is a constitutive element in three antibiotics and a quorum‐sensing signal in bacteria. It enhances Fc receptor expression and interleukin‐6 production in cultured mammalian macrophages. Boron binds tightly to the diadenosine poly-phosphates and inhibits the in vitro activities of various serine protease and oxidoreductase enzymes. Physiological amounts of dietary boron decrease skinfold thickness after antigen injection in gilts and elevated circulating natural killer cells after adjuvant injection in rats. It is predicted that several boron biomolecules waiting discovery are signaling molecules that interact with the cell surface and are probably composed of two mirror or near‐mirror halves stabilized by a single boron atom to form a large circular biomolecule.”

Dietary Boron: Evidence for a Role in Immune Function - Jerry W. Spears & Todd A. Armstrong - Advances in Plant and Animal Boron Nutrition (2007):

“Research in a number of animal species indicates that boron is of nutritional importance and findings continue to support the concept that boron is an essential trace element (Nielsen, 2002). Recent studies indicate that dietary boron affects various immune processes (Hunt and Idso, 1999; Armstrong et al. 2001).”

Therapeutic Potential of Boron-containing Compounds - Stephen J. Baker, Charles Ding, Tsutomu Akama & Yong-Kang Zhang - Future Medicinal Chemistry (Oct. 2009).

Boron in Human Health: Evidence for Dietary Recommendations and Public Policies - S. Meacham, S. Karakas, A. Wallace & F. Altun - The Open Mineral Processsing Journal (2010):

“Current research implicates boron as an essential nutrient in humans demonstrating healthful effects in cellular functions associated with osteoporosis, arthritis, inflammation and cancer. Proposed mechanisms of action implicate that boron, found in cells as boric acid, participates in important membrane functions and intracellular signaling cascades.”

Growing Evidence for Human Health Benefits of Boron - Forrest H. Nielsen & Susan L. Meacham - Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine (2011):

“Findings have shown that boron is needed to complete the life cycle of some higher animals; in nutritional amounts, it promotes bone health, brain function, and the immune or inflammatory response; alleviates or decreases the risk for arthritis; facilitates the action or utilization of several hormones; and is associated with decreased risk for some cancers. This suggests that boron intakes above 1 mg/d could help people “live longer and better”. Increased intakes of boron through consuming foods such as fruits, vegetables, nuts, and pulses should be recognized as a reasonable dietary recommendation.”

Investigation of Antiviral Activity of Adamantan Boron Derivatives on Pandemic Influenza Virus Models [Article in Russian] - S.G. Markushin, N.A. Kantarov, S.V. Artiushenko, I.I. Akopova, I .B. Koptiaeva & Iu N. Bubnov - Antibiot Khimioter [Antiobiotic Chemotherapy] (2011).

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Further Scientific Evidence re: Boron

Anti-Viral / Immune Supportive Research (2012-2020)

Boron-containing Compounds, Regulation of Therapeutic Potential - Ion Romulus Scorei - Encyclopedia of Metalloproteins (2013).

Nothing Boring About Boron - Lara Pizzorno - Integrative Medicine [Encinitas] (Aug. 2015):

“As the current article shows, boron has been proven to be an important trace mineral because it (1) is essential for the growth and maintenance of bone; (2) greatly improves wound healing; (3) beneficially impacts the body's use of estrogen, testosterone, and vitamin D; (4) boosts magnesium absorption; (5) reduces levels of inflammatory biomarkers, such as high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α); (6) raises levels of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase; (7) protects against pesticide-induced oxidative stress and heavy-metal toxicity; (8) improves the brains electrical activity, cognitive performance, and short-term memory for elders; (9) influences the formation and activity of key biomolecules, such as S-adenosyl methionine (SAM-e) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)); (10) has demonstrated preventive and therapeutic effects in a number of cancers, such as prostate, cervical, and lung cancers, and multiple and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; and (11) may help ameliorate the adverse effects of traditional chemotherapeutic agents. In none of the numerous studies conducted to date, however, do boron's beneficial effects appear at intakes > 3 mg/d. No estimated average requirements (EARs) or dietary reference intakes (DRIs) have been set for boron-only an upper intake level (UL) of 20 mg/d for individuals aged ≥ 18 ≥ y.”

Influence of Boron Supplementation on Performance, Immunity and Antioxidant Status of Lambs fed Diets with or without Adequate Level of Calcium - T. Vijay Bhasker, N.K S. Gowda, D.T. Pal, S. Karthik Bhat, P. Krishnamoorthy, S. Mondal, A.K. Pattanaik & A.K. Verma - PLoS One (Nov. 2015).

The Importance of Boron in Biological Systems - Irem Uluisik, Huseyin Caglar Karakaya & Ahmet Koc - Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology (2018).

Effects of Boron-containing Compounds on Immune Responses: Review and Patenting Trends - Karla S. Romero-Aguilar, Ivonne M. Arciniega-Martínez, Eunice D. Farfán-García, Rafael Campos-Rodríguez, Aldo A. Reséndiz-Albor & Marvin A. Soriano-Ursúa - Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents (7 May 2019):

“Boron-containing compounds induce effects on immune responses. Such effects are interesting to the biomedical field for the development of therapeutic tools to modulate the immune system. [...] The scope of BCC use to modify immune responses is expanding, mainly with regard to inflammatory diseases. The information was organized to demonstrate the breadth of reported effects. BCCs act as modulators of innate and adaptive immunity, with the former including regulation of cluster differentiation and cytokine production. In addition, BCCs exert effects on inflammation induced by infectious and non-infectious agents, and there are also reports regarding their effects on mechanisms involving hypersensitivity and transplants.”

Dietary Boron Supplementation enhances Sperm Quality and Immunity through influencing the Associated Biochemical Parameters and Modulating the Genes Expression at Testicular Tissue - B.B. Krishnan, S. Selvaraju, N.K.S. Gowda, K.B. Subramanya, D. Pal, S.S. Archana & R. Bhatta - Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology (10 May 2019).

Bibliographic Research Information provided courtesy of The Academy of the Third Millennium (A3M) 2020