Ingredient #3 + Research

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INCLUDING NEW RESEARCH INTO CORONAVIRUS SARS-COV-2

Scientific Evidence: Ingredient #3 - VITAMIN C

SARS-COV-2 / COVID-19 RESEARCH RESULTS

FOR SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE UPDATED TO JANUARY 2022, OBTAIN THE FOURTH EDITION OF 'AVD' (2022)

Potential Interventions for Novel Coronavirus in China: A Systematic Review - Lei Zhang & Yunhui Liu - Journal of Medical Virology (13 Feb. 2020):

“Three human controlled trials had reported that there was significantly lower incidence of pneumonia in vitamin C‐supplemented groups, suggesting that vitamin C might prevent the susceptibility to lower respiratory tract infections under certain conditions. The COVID‐19 had been reported to cause lower respiratory tract infection, so vitamin C could be one of the effective choices for the treatment of COVID 19.”

A Novel Combination of Vitamin C, Curcumin and Glycyrrhizic Acid Potentially Regulates Immune and Inflammatory Response Associated with Coronavirus Infections: A Perspective from System Biology Analysis - Liang Chen, Chun Hu, Molly Hood, Xue Zhang, Lu Zhang, Juntao Kan & Jun Du - nutrients (24 Apr. 2020):

“Based on recent advances in nutrients and phytonutrients research, a novel combination of vitamin C, curcumin and glycyrrhizic acid (VCG Plus) was developed that has potential against CoV infection. System biology tools were applied to explore the potential of VCG Plus in modulating targets and pathways relevant to immune and inflammation responses. Gene target acquisition, gene ontology and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment were conducted consecutively along with network analysis. The results show that VCG Plus can act on 88 hub targets which are closely connected and associated with immune and inflammatory responses. Specifically, VCG Plus has the potential to regulate innate immune response by acting on NOD-like and Toll-like signaling pathways to promote interferons production, activate and balance T-cells, and regulate the inflammatory response by inhibiting PI3K/AKT, NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. All these biological processes and pathways have been well documented in CoV infections studies.”

Quercetin and Vitamin C: An Experimental, Synergistic Therapy for the Prevention and Treatment of SARS-CoV-2 Related Disease (COVID-19) - Ruben Manuel Luciano Colunga Biancatelli, Max Berrill, John D. Catravas & Paul E. Marik - Frontiers in Immunology (19 Jun. 2020):

“There is evidence that vitamin C and quercetin co-administration exerts a synergistic antiviral action due to overlapping antiviral and immunomodulatory properties and the capacity of ascorbate to recycle quercetin, increasing its efficacy. Safe, cheap interventions which have a sound biological rationale should be prioritized for experimental use in the current context of a global health pandemic.”

“Quercetin displays a broad range of antiviral properties which can interfere at multiple steps of pathogen virulence - virus entry, virus replication, protein assembly - and that these therapeutic effects can be augmented by the co-administration of vitamin C. Furthermore, due to their lack of severe side effects and low-costs, we strongly suggest the combined administration of these two compounds for both the prophylaxis and the early treatment of respiratory tract infections, especially including COVID-19 patients.”

Vitamin C and Coronavirus - William Simonson - Geriatric Nursing (8 May 2020):

“Of course, question will still remain re: whether more frequent intravenous dosing is effective or whether oral vitamin C should be given as a preventive measure for COVID-19 infection and, if so, what dose should be used. Until then, individual consumers need to make their own decisions based on available data. As with all medications, a key component of this decision will be an analysis of potential risk v. potential benefit.”

Vitamin C for the Treatment of COVID-19: A Living Systematic Review Protocol - Eduard Baladia, Ana Beatriz Pizarro & Gabriel Rada - medRxiv (30 May 2020):

“Randomised trials evaluating vitamin C in infections caused by other coronaviruses, such as MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV, and non-randomised studies in COVID-19 will be searched in case no direct evidence from randomised trials is found, or if the direct evidence provides low - or very low- certainty for critical outcomes. Two reviewers will independently screen each study for eligibility, extract data, and assess the risk of bias. We will pool the results using meta-analysis and will apply the GRADE system to assess the certainty of the evidence for each outcome.”

Evaluating the Efficacy of Adjunctive Therapies Used to Treat COVID-19: The Role of Vitamin C and Zinc - Marilyn Bulloch, Fuller Currie, Allison Field & Pierce Gowan - Pharmacy Times (22 Jun. 2020):

“Several studies are underway to evaluate the effects of vitamin C in the treatment of COVID-19. One phase 2 study is evaluating how high dose IV vitamin C (12 g infused over 4 hours every 12 hours for 7 days) treatment affects severe COVID-19 associated pneumonia. A phase 3 trial in Canada is studying the effects of vitamin C (50 mg/kg IV every 6 hours for 4 days) on organ dysfunction and mortality in COVID-19. The results for both of these studies are set to be available this fall and will provide more evidence to determine what, if any, role vitamin C has in the treatment of COVID-19. ”

Enhancing Immunity in Viral Infections, with Special Emphasis on COVID-19: A Review - Ranil Jayawardena, Piumika Sooriyaarachchi, Michail Chourdakis, Chandima Jeewandara & Priyanga Ranasinghe - Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome (Jul-Aug. 2020):

“Vitamin C is known as an essential antioxidant and enzymatic co-factor for many physiological reactions in the body, such as hormone production, collagen synthesis and immune potentiation. In-vivo animal studies in mice have shown that it is an essential factor for the antiviral immune responses against the influenza A virus (H3N2) through the increased production of interferon-α/β, especially at the early stages of the infection.”

Vitamin C Infusion for the Treatment of Severe 2019-nCoV Infected Pneumonia - Zhi Yong Peng, Zhongnan Hospital - ClinicalTrials.gov (Start Date: 14 Feb 2020 / End Date: 30 Sep. 2020):

“We hypothesize that Vitamin C infusion can help improve the prognosis of patients with SARI [severe acute respiratory infection]. Therefore, it is necessary to study the clinical efficacy and safety of vitamin C for the clinical management of SARI through randomized controlled trials during the current epidemic of SARI.”

Immune-Boosting Role of Vitamins D, C, E, Zinc, Selenium and Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Could They Help Against COVID-19? - Hira Shakoor, Jack Feehan, Ayesha S. Al Dhaheri, Habiba I. Ali, Carine Platat, Leila Cheikh Ismail, Vasso Apostolopoulos & Lily Stojanovska - Maturitas (Jan. 2021).

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Earlier Scientific Evidence re: Vitamin C

Anti-Viral / Immune Supportive Research

Antiviral and Immunomodulatory Activities of Ascorbic Acid - Raxit J. Jariwalla & Steve Harakeh - Sub-Cellular Biochemistry (1996).

Vitamin E, Vitamin C, and Exercise - William J. Evans - The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (1 Aug. 2000).

Rapid Response: Vitamin C and SARS - Harri Hemilä - British Medical Journal (16 May 2003).

Vitamin C, Respiratory Infections and the Immune System - Harri Hemilä - Trends in Immunology (1 Nov. 2003).

Vitamin C and SARS Coronavirus - Harri Hemilä - Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (1 Dec. 2003).

Vitamin C and Immune Function [Article in German] - Alexander Ströhle & Andreas Hahn - Medizinische Monatsschrift für Pharmazeuten [Medical Monthly for Pharmacists] (Feb. 2009).

Synergistic Potentiation of D-Fraction with Vitamin C as Possible Alternative Approach for Cancer Therapy - Konno S. - International Journal of General Medicine (30 Jul. 2009).

Ascorbic Acid: Its Role in Immune System and Chronic Inflammation Diseases - Angela Sorice, Eliana Guerriero, Francesca Capone, Giovanni Colonna, Giuseppe Castello & Susan Costantini - Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry (2014).

A New Mechanism of Vitamin C Effects on A/FM/1/47(H1N1) Virus-Induced Pneumonia in Restraint-Stressed Mice - Ying Cai, Yi-Fang Li, Lu-Ping Tang, Bun Tsoi, Min Chen, Huan Chen, Xiao-Mei Chen, Rui-Rong Tan, Hiroshi Kurihara & Rong-Rong He - BioMed Research International (1 Feb. 2015).

Vitamin C is an Essential Factor on the Anti-Viral Immune Responses through the Production of Interferon-α/β at the Initial Stage of Influenza A Virus (H3N2) Infection - Yejin Kim, Hyemin Kim, Seyeon Bae, Jiwon Choi, Sun Young Lim, Naeun Lee, Joo Myung Kong, Young-il Hwang, Jae Seung Kang & Wang Jae Lee - Immune Network (30 Apr. 2013).

Vitamin C and Immune Function - A.C. Carr & S. Maggini - nutrients (3 Nov. 2017).

Effects of Dietary Vitamin C, Vitamin E, and alpha-Lipoic Acid Supplementation on the Antioxidant Defense System and Immune-related Gene Expression in Broilers exposed to Oxidative Stress by Dexamethasone - H.K.El-Senousey, B. Chen, J.Y. Wang, A.M.Atta, F.R. Mohamed & Q.H. Nie - Immunology, Health and Disease (Jan. 2018).

High Dose Vitamin C and Influenza: A Case Report - Michael J. Gonzalez, Miguel J. Berdiel, Jorge Duconge, Thomas E. Levy, Ines M. Alfaro, Raul Morales-Borges, Victor Marcial-Vega & Jose Olalde - Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine (2020).

The Antiviral Properties of Vitamin C - Ruben Manuel Luciano Colunga Biancatelli, Max Berrill & Paul E. Marik - Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy (23 Dec. 2019).

Bibliographic Research Information provided courtesy of The Academy of the Third Millennium (A3M) 2020